The Use of Information and Communication Technologies Among Generation X in Serbia: A Comparison Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to examine the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) among Generation X in the years before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic brought significant changes in digital technology usage and accelerated shifts in work, communication, and societal functioning. Generation X, comprising individuals born between the 1960s and 1980s, grew up during a time when digital technologies and the internet were not as prevalent. Given that they now live and work in a digital era, it is crucial to understand how they adapt to the rapid changes driven by digitalization. For this research, microdata from the study "The Usage of Information and Communication Technology by Individuals/Households in the Republic of Serbia" was analyzed for the years 2019 and 2023. Results show a slight increase in internet and computer use, particularly among younger members of Generation X. Additionally, 2023 saw a noticeable rise in online shopping and the use of communication services that gained popularity during the lockdown. Regarding public administration services, respondents in 2023 primarily accessed services related to the pandemic, such as vaccine information and green certificates. However, a significant number of respondents, 49%, did not use public services in either 2019 or 2023, suggesting potential issues with trust or perceived complexity. The main contribution of this paper is a detailed analysis of this group's behavior before and after the pandemic, focusing on ICT use and responses to changes triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Bick, A., Blandin, A., Mertens, K. (2020). Work from Home Before and after the Covid-19 Outbreak. CERP Discussion Paper No. DP15000, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3650114
Burlea-Schiopoiu, A., Borcan, I., Ovidiu Dragan, C. (2023). The Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Digital Transformation of Organizations. Electronics, 12(5), 1205, https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051205
Coklar, A. N., Tatli, E. (2021). Factors affecting technology leadership self-efficacy and technology integration of Generation X and Y teachers. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 751-770.
Coklar, A.N., Tatli, A. (2021). Examining the Digital Nativity Levels of Digital Generations: From Generation X to Generation Z. International Journal of Education, 9(4), 433-444. https://doi.org/10.34293/ education.v9i4.4224
De', R., Pandey, N., & Pal, A. (2020). Impact of digital surge during Covid-19 pandemic: A viewpoint on research and practice. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102171 - 102171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102171.
Elagin G.B., Mikirtumov I.B. (2020). Internet Debates: Generations X, Y and Z, Discourse 6(6), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-6-5-19
Eurostat (2024). Individuals – Internet use. Accessed 30.8. 2024. At https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ci_ifp_iu/default/table?lang=en
Eurostat (2024). Digital economy and society statistics – households and individuals. Accessed 30.8. 2024. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Digital_economy_and_society_statistics_-_households_and_individuals#Internet_access_of_individuals.2C_2010_and_2023
Eyoun, K., Chen, H., Ayoun, B., & Khliefat, A. (2020). The relationship between purpose of performance appraisal and psychological contract: Generational diff erences as a moderator. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 86 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102449
Fittler, A., Ambrus, T., Serefko, A., Smejkalová, L., Kijewska, A., Szopa, A., & Káplár, M. (2022). Attitudes and behaviors regarding online pharmacies in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic: At the tipping point towards the new normal. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1070473.
Garcia-Rio, E., Palos-Sanchez, P.R., Baena-Luna, P., Agauayo-Camacho, M. (2023). Different approaches to analyzing e-government adoption durign the Covid-19 pandemic. Government Information Quarterly, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101866
Golinelli D, Boetto E, Carullo G, Nuzzolese AG, Landini M.P, Fantini M.P. (2020). Adoption of Digital Technologies in Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review of Early Scientific Literature. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 22(11), https://doi.org/10.2196/22280
Gregersen, E., Astrupgaard, S., Jespersen, M., Gårdhus, T., & Albris, K. (2023). Digital dependence: Online fatigue and coping strategies during the COVID-19 lockdown. Media, Culture, and Society, 45, 967 - 984. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437231154781.
Gurau, C. (2012). A life‐stage analysis of consumer loyalty profile: comparing Generation X and Millennial consumers, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(2), 103-113. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363761211206357
Hooda, A., Gupta, P., Jeyaraj, A., Giannakis, M., Dwivedi, Y.K. (2022). The effects of trust on behavioral intention and use behavior within e-government context. International Journal of Information Management, 67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102553
Ivanović, Đ., Antonijević, M. (2020). The Role of Online Shopping in the Republic of Serbia During COVID-19. Economic Analysis, 53(1), 28-41. https://doi.org/10.28934/ea.20.53.1.pp28-41
Jensen, K., Yenerall, J., Chen, X., & Yu, T. (2021). US Consumers’ Online Shopping Behaviors and Intentions During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 53, 416 - 434. https://doi.org/10.1017/aae.2021.15.
Johnson, N., Veletsianos, G., Seaman, J. (2020). U.S. faculty and administrators’ experiences and approaches in the early weeks of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Online Learning, 24, 6–21
Khan, A.M., Patra, S., Vaney, N., Mehndiratta, M., Chauhan, R. (2021). Rapid transition to online practical classes in preclinical subjects during COVID-19: Experience from a medical college in North India. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 77(1), S161-S167 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.12.030
King, C., Murillo, E., & Lee, H. (2017).The eff ects of generational work values on employee brand attitude and behavior: A multi-group analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management 66, 92-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.07.006
Kireyeva, A., Satpayeva, Z., Kenzhegulova, G., Kangalakova, D., & Jussibaliyeva, A. (2022). Kazakhstani womenʼs participation in online marketplaces: Benefits and barriers. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.361.
Kittelson, A. (2023). Generational Differences in Technology Usage. Midwest Medical Edition. https://www.midwestmedicaledition.com/articles/generational-differences-in-technology-usage#:~:text=Millennials%2C%20or%20members%20of%20Generation,a%20desire%20to%20use%20them.
Konig, R., Seifert, A. (2022). Digitally Savvy at the Home Office: Computer Skills of Older Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic Across Europe. Frontiers in Sociology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.858052
Kossek, E.E., & Lautsch, B.A. (2018). Work-life flexibility for whom? Occupational status and work-life inequality in upper, middle, and lower level jobs. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0059
Lissitsa, S., Kol, O. (2016). Generation X vs. Generation Y – A decade of online shopping, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 304-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.04.015
Lu, M., Wang, R., & Li, P. (2021). Comparative analysis of online fresh food shopping behavior during normal and COVID-19 crisis periods. British Food Journal, 124(3), 968-986. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-09-2020-0849.
Media Culture Report (2023). From Analog to Streaming: The Evolution of Gen X Media Habits. https://www.mediaculture.com/insights/from-analog-to-streaming-evolution-of-gen-x-media-habits
Moawad, R. (2022). Using WhatsApp During the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Emotions and Perceptions of Users. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 2369 - 2381. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S367724.
Moon, J., Choe, Y., Song, H. (2021). Determinants of Consumers’ Online/Offline Shopping Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041593
Nguyen, M., Gruber, J., Fuchs, J., Marler, W., Hunsaker, A., & Hargittai, E. (2020). Changes in Digital Communication During the COVID-19 Global Pandemic: Implications for Digital Inequality and Future Research. Social Media + Society, 6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120948255.
Niesel, C. & Nili, A. (2021). Older Professionals’ Adaptation to New Information Technologies: A Study in the Context of Non-Standard Employment. Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, ISBN 978-0-9981331-4-0
Palfrey, J. and Gasser, U. (2010), Born Digital: Understanding the First Generation of Digital Natives, Basic Books, New York, NY.
Petrosyan, A. (2023). Coronavirus: Impact on Online Usage in the U.S. – Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/6241/coronavirus-impact-on-online-usage-in-the-us/#topicOverview
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1, On the Horizon 9(5), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816
Romero-Rodriguez, J.M., Hinojo-Lucena, F.J., Kopecky, K. (2023). Digital fatigue in university students as a consequence of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. Education XX1, 26(2), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.34530
Roy, G. (2021). Criticality of E-Privacy and Data Leakage Amid the Pandemic. Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7188-0.ch013
Samifanni, F., Gumanit, R.L.R. (2021). Survival with Technology: Elderly Teachers’ Perspective Towards Emergency Online Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Philippines. Studies in Learning and Teaching, 2(3), 98-114. https://doi.org/10.46627/silet.v2i3.87
Sarfraz, M., Ivascu, L., Khawaja, K.F., Vevera, A.V., Dragan, F. (2021). ICT Revolution from Traditional Office to Virtual Office: A Study on Teleworking During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Studies in Informatics and Control, 30(4), 77-86, https://doi.org/10.24846/v30i4y202107
Sharma, M., Sunil, S., Anand, N., Amudhan, S., & Ganjekar, S. (2021). Webinar fatigue: fallout of COVID-19. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-021-00069-y
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