Corporate Entrepreneurship and Innovation Performance of Established Ventures: Case of Iranian Vanguard Companies
Main Article Content
Abstract
Corporate entrepreneurship is increasingly drawing the attention of different scholars of organizational innovation. More than three decades of studies are available in this domain; however, the relationship is rarely scrutinized. This manuscript attempts to contribute to the literature through investigating the role of corporate entrepreneurship on innovation performance of the firms. A quantitative research design is used to study the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and innovation performance of the firms. To do so, 178 firms, in three main cities of Iran, were studied through a survey. Results show that corporate entrepreneurship affects the rates of process innovation and product innovation, as well as the technology indicators of the established firms. Some contradictory evidence is also mentioned in the findings, which are elaborated future researchers. The originality of the manuscript goes back to studying the concept in an emerging market, i.e. Iran. Also, technology indicators are rarely discussed in the literature, which are studied in this research. It is advised, based on the findings, to improve process innovation as well as product innovation, along with technology indicators through improving corporate entrepreneurial activities. The main limitation of the research was to encourage managers to complete the questionnaire. To handle this limitation, the researcher held face to face meetings, in order to increase the response rate.
Article Details
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors shall transfer the copyright to the publisher. If the submitted manuscript is not accepted for printing by the journal, the authors shall retain all their rights. The following rights on the manuscript are transferred to the publisher, including any supplementary materials and any parts, extracts or elements of the manuscript:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to print prepublications, reprints and special editions of the manuscript;
- the right to translate the manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these copies;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript electronically or optically using and all data carriers or storage media, and especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini Disc, data tapes, and the right to reproduce and distribute the article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the manuscript in databases, including online databases, as well as the right to transmit the manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the Internet, online service, or via internal or external networks.
References
Alarcón, S., & Sánchez, M. 2013. “Business strategies, profitability and efficiency of production.” Spanish journal of agricultural research, 1(1): 19-31.
Alegre, J., & Chiva, R. 2013. “Linking entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The role of organizational learning capability and innovation performance.” Journal of Small Business Management, 51(4): 491-507.
Analoui, F., Mohmmad Moghimi, S., & Khanifar, H. 2009. “Public sector managers and entrepreneurship in Islamic Republic of Iran.” Journal of management development, 28(6): 522-532.
Artz, K. W., Norman, P. M., Hatfield, D. E., & Cardinal, L. B. 2010. “A longitudinal study of the impact of R&D, patents, and product innovation on firm performance.” Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5): 725-740.
Barringer, B. R., & Bluedorn, A. C. 1999. “The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management.” Strategic Management Journal, 20(5): 421-444.
Bharadwaj, S., & Menon, A. 2000. “Making innovation happen in organizations: individual creativity mechanisms, organizational creativity mechanisms or both?” Journal of product innovation management, 17(6): 424-434.
Bigliardi, B., Colacino, P., & Dormio, A. I. 2011. “Innovative characteristics of small and medium enterprises.” Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 6(2): 83-93.
Chang, S. J., Van Witteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. 2010. “From the editors: Common method variance in international business research.” Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2): 178-184.
Chen, Y., Tang, G., Jin, J., Xie, Q., & Li, J. 2014. “CEOs’ transformational leadership and product innovation performance: The roles of corporate entrepreneurship and technology orientation.” Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(S1): 2-17.
Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Nevo, S., Benitez-Amado, J., & Kou, G. 2015. “IT capabilities and product innovation performance: The roles of corporate entrepreneurship and competitive intensity”. Information & Management, 52(6): 643-657.
Covin, J. G., & Miles, M. P. 1999. “Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and practice, 23(3): 47-47.
Damanpour, F. 2010. “An integration of research findings of effects of firm size and market competition on product and process innovations.” British Journal of Management, 21(4): 996-1010.
Dunlap‐Hinkler, D., Kotabe, M., & Mudambi, R. 2010. “A story of breakthrough versus incremental innovation: Corporate entrepreneurship in the global pharmaceutical industry.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(2): 106-127.
Fini, R., Grimaldi, R., Marzocchi, G. L., & Sobrero, M. 2012. “The determinants of corporate entrepreneurial intention within small and newly established firms.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(2): 387-414.
García-Morales, V. J., Bolívar-Ramos, M. T., & Martín-Rojas, R. 2014. “Technological variables and absorptive capacity's influence on performance through corporate entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Research, 67(7): 1468-1477.
Gómez-Haro, S., Aragón-Correa, J. A., & Cordón-Pozo, E. 2011. “Differentiating the effects of the institutional environment on corporate entrepreneurship.” Management Decision, 49(10): 1677-1693.
González-Benito, Ó., Muñoz-Gallego, P. A., & García-Zamora, E. 2015. “Entrepreneurship and market orientation as determinants of innovation: the role of business size.” International Journal of Innovation Management, 19(4): 135-155.
Goodale, J. C., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Covin, J. G. 2011. “Operations management and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating effect of operations control on the antecedents of corporate entrepreneurial activity in relation to innovation performance.” Journal of Operations Management, 29(1): 116-127.
Govender, D. 2010. An assessment of corporate entrepreneurship in a petrochemical company (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University).
Guan, J. C., Richard, C. M., Tang, E. P., & Lau, A. K. 2009. “Innovation strategy and performance during economic transition: Evidences in Beijing, China.” Research Policy, 38(5): 802-812.
Harman, H. H. 1976. Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago Press.
Hsu, C. C., Tan, K. C., Jayaram, J., & Laosirihongthong, T. 2014. “Corporate entrepreneurship, operations core competency and innovation in emerging economies.” International Journal of Production Research, 52(18): 5467-5483.
Ireland, R.D., Kuratko, D.F. and Morris, M.H. 2006. “A health audit for corporate entrepreneurship: innovation at all levels – part 1.” Journal of Business Strategy, 27(1): 10–17.
Jalali, A., Jaafar, M., & Thurasamy, R. 2013.” Influence of entrepreneurial orientation on the financial performance: evidence from SMEs in Iran.” Middle East Journal of Management, 1(2): 168-185.
Jayaram, J., Oke, A., & Prajogo, D. 2014. “The antecedents and consequences of product and process innovation strategy implementation in Australian manufacturing firms.” International Journal of Production Research, 52(15): 4424-4439.
Jennings, D. F., & Young, D. M. 1990. “An empirical comparison between objective and subjective measures of the product innovation domain of corporate entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(1): 53-66.
Kakapour, S., Morgan, T., Parsinejad, S., & Wieland, A. 2016. “Antecedents of corporate entrepreneurship in Iran: the role of strategic orientation and opportunity recognition.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(3): 251-266.
Karimi, A., Sofiyabadi, J., Mobaraki, M. H., & Madanipour, K. 2012. “Corporate Entrepreneurship in Training Institutions.” International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3(11): 2273-2280.
Khalili, H., Nejadhussein, S., & Fazel, A. 2013. “The influence of entrepreneurial orientation on innovative performance: Study of a petrochemical company in Iran.” Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China, 5(3): 262-278.
Kirca, A. H., Jayachandran, S., & Bearden, W. O. 2005. “Market orientation: A meta-analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and impact on performance.” Journal of marketing, 69(2): 24-41.
Kuratko, D. F., & Audretsch, D. B. 2013. “Clarifying the domains of corporate entrepreneurship.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(3): 323-335.
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Covin, J. G. 2014. Diagnosing a firm's internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship. Business Horizons, 57(1): 37-47.
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Hayton, J. 2015. “Corporate entrepreneurship: the innovative challenge for a new global economic reality.” Small Business Economics, 45(2): 245-253.
Lee, H. H., Zhou, J., & Hsu, P. H. 2015. “The role of innovation in inventory turnover performance.” Decision Support Systems, 76, 35-44.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. 1996. “Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance.” Academy of management Review, 21(1): 135-172.
Maatoofi, A. R., & Tajeddini, K. 2011. “Effect of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on innovation: evidence from auto parts manufacturing in Iran.” Journal of Management Research, 11(1): 1-20.
Madhoushi, M., Sadati, A., Delavari, H., Mehdivand, M., & Mihandost, R. 2011. “Entrepreneurial orientation and innovation performance: The mediating role of knowledge management.” Asian Journal of Business Management, 3(4): 310-316.
Mason, C. 2011. “Entrepreneurship education and research: emerging trends and concerns.” Journal of Global Entrepreneurship, 1(1): 13-25.
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms, Management Science, 29(3), 770–791.
Mohammadi, M. 2012. “The exploration of organization factors that inspire intrapreneurship in Iranian Agricultural Research Organization (IARO).” African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(3): 378-384.
Morris, M. H. and Kuratko, D. F. 2002. Corporate Entrepreneurship, South-Western College Publishers, Mason, Ohio.
Morris, M. H., Kuratko, D. F., & Covin, J. G. 2010. Corporate entrepreneurship & innovation. Cengage Learning.
Moshtaghi, S., Moridi, A., Farokhi, A., Konani, M., & Rotafi, A. 2012. “The amount of corporate entrepreneurship and its relationship with performance improvement of organizations.” Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(5): 4361-4367.
Otache, I., & Mahmood, R. 2015. “Corporate Entrepreneurship and Business Performance: The Role of External Environment and Organizational Culture: A Proposed Framework.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4): 524.
Paunović, B. 2012. “The role of corporate entrepreneurship in solving the competitiveness crisis of large companies.” Ekonomika preduzeća, 60(7-8): 343-354.
Radovic Markovic, M., & Salamzadeh, A. 2012. The Nature of Entrepreneurship: Entre-preneurs and Entrepreneurial Activities. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing: Germany.
Sakhdari, K., Burgers, H., & Davidsson, P. 2014. “Capable but not able: the effect of institutional context and search breadth on the absorptive capacity-corporate entrepreneurship relationship.” In Australian Centre for Entrepreneurship research exchange conference 2014 proceedings, 954-974. Queensland University of Technology.
Salamzadeh, A., & Kirby, D. A. 2017. “New venture creation: How start-ups grow?.” AD-minister, 30: 9-29.
Salamzadeh, Y., YousefNia, M. Radovic Markovic, M. & Salamzadeh, A. 2016. “Strategic management development: the role of learning school on promotion of managers’ competence.” Economía y Sociedad, 21(50): 1-25.
Schuler, R. S. 1986. “Fostering and facilitating entrepreneurship in organizations: Implications for organization structure and human resource management practices.” Human resource management, 25(4): 607-629.
Sezen, B., & Çankaya, S. Y. 2013. “Effects of green manufacturing and eco-innovation on sustainability performance.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99: 154-163.
Simsek, Z., & Heavey, C. 2011. “The mediating role of knowledge‐based capital for corporate entrepreneurship effects on performance: A study of small‐to medium‐sized firms.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(1): 81-100.
Sykes, H. B., & Block, Z. 1989. ”Corporate venturing obstacles: Sources and solutions.” Journal of Business Venturing, 4(3): 159-167.
Urbano, D., & Turró, A. 2013. “Conditioning factors for corporate entrepreneurship: an in (ex) ternal approach.” International entrepreneurship and management journal, 9(3): 379-396.
Varma, S. 2013.” International entrepreneurial capability as a driver of the born global firm–a case study from India.” International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 6(1-2): 42-61.
Wang, R. T., & Lin, C. P. 2012. ”Understanding innovation performance and its antecedents: A socio-cognitive model.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 29(2): 210-225.
Wong, S. Y., & Chin, K. S. 2007. “Organizational innovation management: An organization-wide perspective.” Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(9): 1290-1315.
Zahra, S. A. 1996. “Goverance, ownership, and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating impact of industry technological opportunities.” Academy of management journal, 39(6): 1713-1735.
Zahra, S. A., & Covin, J. G. 1995. “Contextual influences on the corporate entrepreneurship-performance relationship: A longitudinal analysis.” Journal of Business Venturing, 10(1): 43-58.
Zhang, M. J. 2011. “Firm-level performance impact of IS support for product innovation.” European Journal of Innovation Management, 14(1): 118-132.
Zhao, F. 2005. “Exploring the synergy between entrepreneurship and innovation.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11(1): 25-41.
Alegre, J., & Chiva, R. 2013. “Linking entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The role of organizational learning capability and innovation performance.” Journal of Small Business Management, 51(4): 491-507.
Analoui, F., Mohmmad Moghimi, S., & Khanifar, H. 2009. “Public sector managers and entrepreneurship in Islamic Republic of Iran.” Journal of management development, 28(6): 522-532.
Artz, K. W., Norman, P. M., Hatfield, D. E., & Cardinal, L. B. 2010. “A longitudinal study of the impact of R&D, patents, and product innovation on firm performance.” Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5): 725-740.
Barringer, B. R., & Bluedorn, A. C. 1999. “The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management.” Strategic Management Journal, 20(5): 421-444.
Bharadwaj, S., & Menon, A. 2000. “Making innovation happen in organizations: individual creativity mechanisms, organizational creativity mechanisms or both?” Journal of product innovation management, 17(6): 424-434.
Bigliardi, B., Colacino, P., & Dormio, A. I. 2011. “Innovative characteristics of small and medium enterprises.” Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 6(2): 83-93.
Chang, S. J., Van Witteloostuijn, A., & Eden, L. 2010. “From the editors: Common method variance in international business research.” Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2): 178-184.
Chen, Y., Tang, G., Jin, J., Xie, Q., & Li, J. 2014. “CEOs’ transformational leadership and product innovation performance: The roles of corporate entrepreneurship and technology orientation.” Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(S1): 2-17.
Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Nevo, S., Benitez-Amado, J., & Kou, G. 2015. “IT capabilities and product innovation performance: The roles of corporate entrepreneurship and competitive intensity”. Information & Management, 52(6): 643-657.
Covin, J. G., & Miles, M. P. 1999. “Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and practice, 23(3): 47-47.
Damanpour, F. 2010. “An integration of research findings of effects of firm size and market competition on product and process innovations.” British Journal of Management, 21(4): 996-1010.
Dunlap‐Hinkler, D., Kotabe, M., & Mudambi, R. 2010. “A story of breakthrough versus incremental innovation: Corporate entrepreneurship in the global pharmaceutical industry.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 4(2): 106-127.
Fini, R., Grimaldi, R., Marzocchi, G. L., & Sobrero, M. 2012. “The determinants of corporate entrepreneurial intention within small and newly established firms.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(2): 387-414.
García-Morales, V. J., Bolívar-Ramos, M. T., & Martín-Rojas, R. 2014. “Technological variables and absorptive capacity's influence on performance through corporate entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Research, 67(7): 1468-1477.
Gómez-Haro, S., Aragón-Correa, J. A., & Cordón-Pozo, E. 2011. “Differentiating the effects of the institutional environment on corporate entrepreneurship.” Management Decision, 49(10): 1677-1693.
González-Benito, Ó., Muñoz-Gallego, P. A., & García-Zamora, E. 2015. “Entrepreneurship and market orientation as determinants of innovation: the role of business size.” International Journal of Innovation Management, 19(4): 135-155.
Goodale, J. C., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Covin, J. G. 2011. “Operations management and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating effect of operations control on the antecedents of corporate entrepreneurial activity in relation to innovation performance.” Journal of Operations Management, 29(1): 116-127.
Govender, D. 2010. An assessment of corporate entrepreneurship in a petrochemical company (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University).
Guan, J. C., Richard, C. M., Tang, E. P., & Lau, A. K. 2009. “Innovation strategy and performance during economic transition: Evidences in Beijing, China.” Research Policy, 38(5): 802-812.
Harman, H. H. 1976. Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago Press.
Hsu, C. C., Tan, K. C., Jayaram, J., & Laosirihongthong, T. 2014. “Corporate entrepreneurship, operations core competency and innovation in emerging economies.” International Journal of Production Research, 52(18): 5467-5483.
Ireland, R.D., Kuratko, D.F. and Morris, M.H. 2006. “A health audit for corporate entrepreneurship: innovation at all levels – part 1.” Journal of Business Strategy, 27(1): 10–17.
Jalali, A., Jaafar, M., & Thurasamy, R. 2013.” Influence of entrepreneurial orientation on the financial performance: evidence from SMEs in Iran.” Middle East Journal of Management, 1(2): 168-185.
Jayaram, J., Oke, A., & Prajogo, D. 2014. “The antecedents and consequences of product and process innovation strategy implementation in Australian manufacturing firms.” International Journal of Production Research, 52(15): 4424-4439.
Jennings, D. F., & Young, D. M. 1990. “An empirical comparison between objective and subjective measures of the product innovation domain of corporate entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(1): 53-66.
Kakapour, S., Morgan, T., Parsinejad, S., & Wieland, A. 2016. “Antecedents of corporate entrepreneurship in Iran: the role of strategic orientation and opportunity recognition.” Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(3): 251-266.
Karimi, A., Sofiyabadi, J., Mobaraki, M. H., & Madanipour, K. 2012. “Corporate Entrepreneurship in Training Institutions.” International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3(11): 2273-2280.
Khalili, H., Nejadhussein, S., & Fazel, A. 2013. “The influence of entrepreneurial orientation on innovative performance: Study of a petrochemical company in Iran.” Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China, 5(3): 262-278.
Kirca, A. H., Jayachandran, S., & Bearden, W. O. 2005. “Market orientation: A meta-analytic review and assessment of its antecedents and impact on performance.” Journal of marketing, 69(2): 24-41.
Kuratko, D. F., & Audretsch, D. B. 2013. “Clarifying the domains of corporate entrepreneurship.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(3): 323-335.
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Covin, J. G. 2014. Diagnosing a firm's internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship. Business Horizons, 57(1): 37-47.
Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Hayton, J. 2015. “Corporate entrepreneurship: the innovative challenge for a new global economic reality.” Small Business Economics, 45(2): 245-253.
Lee, H. H., Zhou, J., & Hsu, P. H. 2015. “The role of innovation in inventory turnover performance.” Decision Support Systems, 76, 35-44.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. 1996. “Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance.” Academy of management Review, 21(1): 135-172.
Maatoofi, A. R., & Tajeddini, K. 2011. “Effect of market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation on innovation: evidence from auto parts manufacturing in Iran.” Journal of Management Research, 11(1): 1-20.
Madhoushi, M., Sadati, A., Delavari, H., Mehdivand, M., & Mihandost, R. 2011. “Entrepreneurial orientation and innovation performance: The mediating role of knowledge management.” Asian Journal of Business Management, 3(4): 310-316.
Mason, C. 2011. “Entrepreneurship education and research: emerging trends and concerns.” Journal of Global Entrepreneurship, 1(1): 13-25.
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms, Management Science, 29(3), 770–791.
Mohammadi, M. 2012. “The exploration of organization factors that inspire intrapreneurship in Iranian Agricultural Research Organization (IARO).” African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(3): 378-384.
Morris, M. H. and Kuratko, D. F. 2002. Corporate Entrepreneurship, South-Western College Publishers, Mason, Ohio.
Morris, M. H., Kuratko, D. F., & Covin, J. G. 2010. Corporate entrepreneurship & innovation. Cengage Learning.
Moshtaghi, S., Moridi, A., Farokhi, A., Konani, M., & Rotafi, A. 2012. “The amount of corporate entrepreneurship and its relationship with performance improvement of organizations.” Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(5): 4361-4367.
Otache, I., & Mahmood, R. 2015. “Corporate Entrepreneurship and Business Performance: The Role of External Environment and Organizational Culture: A Proposed Framework.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4): 524.
Paunović, B. 2012. “The role of corporate entrepreneurship in solving the competitiveness crisis of large companies.” Ekonomika preduzeća, 60(7-8): 343-354.
Radovic Markovic, M., & Salamzadeh, A. 2012. The Nature of Entrepreneurship: Entre-preneurs and Entrepreneurial Activities. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing: Germany.
Sakhdari, K., Burgers, H., & Davidsson, P. 2014. “Capable but not able: the effect of institutional context and search breadth on the absorptive capacity-corporate entrepreneurship relationship.” In Australian Centre for Entrepreneurship research exchange conference 2014 proceedings, 954-974. Queensland University of Technology.
Salamzadeh, A., & Kirby, D. A. 2017. “New venture creation: How start-ups grow?.” AD-minister, 30: 9-29.
Salamzadeh, Y., YousefNia, M. Radovic Markovic, M. & Salamzadeh, A. 2016. “Strategic management development: the role of learning school on promotion of managers’ competence.” Economía y Sociedad, 21(50): 1-25.
Schuler, R. S. 1986. “Fostering and facilitating entrepreneurship in organizations: Implications for organization structure and human resource management practices.” Human resource management, 25(4): 607-629.
Sezen, B., & Çankaya, S. Y. 2013. “Effects of green manufacturing and eco-innovation on sustainability performance.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 99: 154-163.
Simsek, Z., & Heavey, C. 2011. “The mediating role of knowledge‐based capital for corporate entrepreneurship effects on performance: A study of small‐to medium‐sized firms.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(1): 81-100.
Sykes, H. B., & Block, Z. 1989. ”Corporate venturing obstacles: Sources and solutions.” Journal of Business Venturing, 4(3): 159-167.
Urbano, D., & Turró, A. 2013. “Conditioning factors for corporate entrepreneurship: an in (ex) ternal approach.” International entrepreneurship and management journal, 9(3): 379-396.
Varma, S. 2013.” International entrepreneurial capability as a driver of the born global firm–a case study from India.” International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 6(1-2): 42-61.
Wang, R. T., & Lin, C. P. 2012. ”Understanding innovation performance and its antecedents: A socio-cognitive model.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 29(2): 210-225.
Wong, S. Y., & Chin, K. S. 2007. “Organizational innovation management: An organization-wide perspective.” Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(9): 1290-1315.
Zahra, S. A. 1996. “Goverance, ownership, and corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating impact of industry technological opportunities.” Academy of management journal, 39(6): 1713-1735.
Zahra, S. A., & Covin, J. G. 1995. “Contextual influences on the corporate entrepreneurship-performance relationship: A longitudinal analysis.” Journal of Business Venturing, 10(1): 43-58.
Zhang, M. J. 2011. “Firm-level performance impact of IS support for product innovation.” European Journal of Innovation Management, 14(1): 118-132.
Zhao, F. 2005. “Exploring the synergy between entrepreneurship and innovation.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11(1): 25-41.