An Analysis of Parentsʹ Strategies of Child Labour and Education in Developing Countries
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper sheds light on the trade-off between child labour and education in developing countries. We show there are different strategies of education that parents can adopt to enhance children’s wellbeing. We distinguish four categories of education: formal education, vocational training, non-formal education and informal education, implying that child labour and education analysis is no more binary. Hence, these educations are suitable for different categories of households (the richer of the poor and the poorer of the rich). These households make their decision about education and child labour according to the adult labour market and their income. In an environment characterised by a high level of youth unemployement these households prefer investing in informal education.
We specify explicitly that we make a commitment to do not proceed to any kind of tests. Our critical point of view is to assert that education, as such, could not be summed up to a simple binary arbitration. On the contrary, we defend a conceptual approach.
Article Details
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors shall transfer the copyright to the publisher. If the submitted manuscript is not accepted for printing by the journal, the authors shall retain all their rights. The following rights on the manuscript are transferred to the publisher, including any supplementary materials and any parts, extracts or elements of the manuscript:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to print prepublications, reprints and special editions of the manuscript;
- the right to translate the manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these copies;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript electronically or optically using and all data carriers or storage media, and especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini Disc, data tapes, and the right to reproduce and distribute the article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the manuscript in databases, including online databases, as well as the right to transmit the manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the Internet, online service, or via internal or external networks.
References
Admassie A. 2002. Explaining the High Incidence of Child Labour in sub-Saharan Africa. African Development Review 14(2): 251-275. December.
Akabayashi H. and G. Psacharopoulos 1999. The Trade-Off between Child Labour and Human Capital Formation: A Tanzanian Case Study. The Journal of Development Studies 35(5): 120-140. June.
Alderman H. and E.M. King. 1998. Gender Differences in Parental Investment in Education. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 9(4): 453-468. December.
Baland J.M. and J.A. Robinson. 2000. Is Child Labor Inefficient?. Journal of Political Economy 108(4): 663-679. August.
Ballet J. and A. Bhukuth. 2006. Travail des Enfants Versus Education: Un Point de Vue Critique sur la Littérature. Cahier de l’ATM 21, pages 157-166
Basu K. and P.H. Van. 1998. The Economics of Child labour. American Economic Review 88(3): 412-427. June.
Basu K. 2000. The Intriguing Relation between Adult Minimum Wage and Child Labor. The Economic Journal 110(462): 50-61. March.
Bhukuth A. and N. Bennani. 2006. Une Analyse de Différence Sexuée du Travail des Enfants au Maroc. 2ème Colloque Interdisciplinaire. Marché du Travail et Genre dans les Pays du Maghreb. Quels Marchés du Travail ?. MAGE, CERED, DULBEA, Rabat. Maroc. Pages 353-366. 15-16 Mars.
Bourdieu P. 1986. The Forms of Social Capital. In J.G Richardson (ed), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, 239-258, New York, Greenwook Press. 401p.
Canagarajah S. et Coulombes H. 1996. Child Labour and Schooling in Ghana, World Bank, Washington D.C., Human Development Tech. report (Africa Region).
Charmes J. 1985a. La Jeunesse et le Secteur non Structuré. Cahier ORSTOM, Série Sciences Humaines 21(2-3): 295-304.
Charmes J. 1985b. L’apprentissage sur le Tas dans le Secteur Non Structuré en Tunisie. Cahier Orstom, Série Sciences Humaines 21(2-3): 305-328.
Charmes J. 1992. Le Secteur Informel, Nouvel Enjeu des Politiques de Développement. L’Homme et la Société 105-106: 63-77.
Charmes J, X. Oudin. 1994. Formation sur le tas dans le secteur informel’’, Afrique Contemporaine, numéro spécial 172, 4ème trimestre : 230-237.
Cornia G.A., R. Jolly and F. Steward. 1987. Adjustment with Human Face, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Dessy S.E and S. Pallage. 2001. Child Labour and Coordination Failures. Journal of Development Economics 65(2): 469-476, February.
Edmonds E.V. 2004. Household Composition and the Response of Child Labour Supply to Product Market Integration: Evidence from Vietnam, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, WPS 3235. 54 p. March.
Gasarian J. and C. Maldonado. 2001. L’économie Informelle en Afrique Francophone. Structure, Dynamiques et Politiques. Chapitre 5 : Le Cas du Niger : 189-228. Genève. Bureau International du Travail. XVIII+484 p.
Gaufryau B. and C. Maldonado. 2001. L’économie Informelle en Afrique Francophone. Structure, Dynamiques et Politiques. Chapitre 8 : Le Cas du Sénégal : 311-348. Genève. Bureau International du Travail. XVIII+484 p.
Gérard, E. 1992. L’Ecole Déclassée: Une Etude Anthropo-Sociologique de la Scolarisation au Mali: Cas des Sociétés Malinkés. Thèse de Sociologie. Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier. Lille. ANTR. 420 p.
Gormly S. and K.A. Swinnerton. 2003. The Effect of Adult Returns to Schooling o Children’s Enrollment, Theory and Evidence from South Africa. US Department of Labour.
Grootaert C. and R. Kanbur. 1995. Child Labor: A Review, World Bank Working Paper 1454, Development Economic.
Grootaert C. 1998. Child Labor in Côte d’Ivoire: Incidence and Determinants, World Bank, Social Development, Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network, Washington.
ILO. 1997. Strategies for Eliminating Child labor: prevention, Removal and Rehabilitation, Synthesis Document, International Conference on Child Labour, ILO, Geneva.
Jensen P. and H.S. Nielsen. 1997. Child Labour or School Attendance? Evidence from Zambia. Journal of Population Economics 10: 407-424.
Liimatainen M.R. 2002. Training and Skills Acquisition in the Informal Sector: A Literature Review, In Focus Programme on Skills, Knowledge and Employability, Informal Economy Series, ILO, Geneva.
Maldonado C. 1998. Secteur Informel: Fonctions Macro-Economiques et politiques Giuvernementales: Le cas du Bénin, S-INF-1-18, ILO, 1998, 62.
Mukherjee A and U.B. Sinha. 2005. Schooling, Job Prospect and Cjild Labour in Developing Economy. Unpublished Paper, Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India.
Oudin X. 1990. La Formation dans le Secteur Informel : Une Etude de Cas à Niamey (République de Niger), Banque Mondiale, Orstom, Paris, Juin.
Psacharopoulos G, Patrinos A.H. 1997. Family Size, Schooling and Schild Labour in Peru: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Population Economics 10(4): 387-405.
Quisumbing A.R and K. Otsuka. 2001. Land Inheritance and Schooling in Matrilineal Societies: Evidence from Sumatra. World Development 29(12): 2093-2110. December.
Rammohan A. 2001. Old Age Security versus Current Consumption: The Forgotten Role of Child labour. Working Papers in Economics n°.98-06, University of Sydney, Australia.
Ranjan P. 2001. Credit Constraints and the Phenomenon of Child labor. Journal of Development Economics 64(1): 81-102. February.
Ranjan P. 1999. An Economic Analysis of Child Labor. Economics Letters, 64: 99-105.
Ray R. 2004. Child Labour: A Survey of Selected Asian Countries. Asian Pacific Economic Literature 18(2): 1-18. November.
Schlemmer B.1997. L’exploitation des Enfants au Travail: D’un Problème Social à une Problématique en Sciences Sociales. Revue Recherche Internationale 50: 67-68.
Schlemmer B. (1999), L’Ecole ou le Travail. Cahier ARES 1: 155-167.
Akabayashi H. and G. Psacharopoulos 1999. The Trade-Off between Child Labour and Human Capital Formation: A Tanzanian Case Study. The Journal of Development Studies 35(5): 120-140. June.
Alderman H. and E.M. King. 1998. Gender Differences in Parental Investment in Education. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 9(4): 453-468. December.
Baland J.M. and J.A. Robinson. 2000. Is Child Labor Inefficient?. Journal of Political Economy 108(4): 663-679. August.
Ballet J. and A. Bhukuth. 2006. Travail des Enfants Versus Education: Un Point de Vue Critique sur la Littérature. Cahier de l’ATM 21, pages 157-166
Basu K. and P.H. Van. 1998. The Economics of Child labour. American Economic Review 88(3): 412-427. June.
Basu K. 2000. The Intriguing Relation between Adult Minimum Wage and Child Labor. The Economic Journal 110(462): 50-61. March.
Bhukuth A. and N. Bennani. 2006. Une Analyse de Différence Sexuée du Travail des Enfants au Maroc. 2ème Colloque Interdisciplinaire. Marché du Travail et Genre dans les Pays du Maghreb. Quels Marchés du Travail ?. MAGE, CERED, DULBEA, Rabat. Maroc. Pages 353-366. 15-16 Mars.
Bourdieu P. 1986. The Forms of Social Capital. In J.G Richardson (ed), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, 239-258, New York, Greenwook Press. 401p.
Canagarajah S. et Coulombes H. 1996. Child Labour and Schooling in Ghana, World Bank, Washington D.C., Human Development Tech. report (Africa Region).
Charmes J. 1985a. La Jeunesse et le Secteur non Structuré. Cahier ORSTOM, Série Sciences Humaines 21(2-3): 295-304.
Charmes J. 1985b. L’apprentissage sur le Tas dans le Secteur Non Structuré en Tunisie. Cahier Orstom, Série Sciences Humaines 21(2-3): 305-328.
Charmes J. 1992. Le Secteur Informel, Nouvel Enjeu des Politiques de Développement. L’Homme et la Société 105-106: 63-77.
Charmes J, X. Oudin. 1994. Formation sur le tas dans le secteur informel’’, Afrique Contemporaine, numéro spécial 172, 4ème trimestre : 230-237.
Cornia G.A., R. Jolly and F. Steward. 1987. Adjustment with Human Face, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Dessy S.E and S. Pallage. 2001. Child Labour and Coordination Failures. Journal of Development Economics 65(2): 469-476, February.
Edmonds E.V. 2004. Household Composition and the Response of Child Labour Supply to Product Market Integration: Evidence from Vietnam, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, WPS 3235. 54 p. March.
Gasarian J. and C. Maldonado. 2001. L’économie Informelle en Afrique Francophone. Structure, Dynamiques et Politiques. Chapitre 5 : Le Cas du Niger : 189-228. Genève. Bureau International du Travail. XVIII+484 p.
Gaufryau B. and C. Maldonado. 2001. L’économie Informelle en Afrique Francophone. Structure, Dynamiques et Politiques. Chapitre 8 : Le Cas du Sénégal : 311-348. Genève. Bureau International du Travail. XVIII+484 p.
Gérard, E. 1992. L’Ecole Déclassée: Une Etude Anthropo-Sociologique de la Scolarisation au Mali: Cas des Sociétés Malinkés. Thèse de Sociologie. Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier. Lille. ANTR. 420 p.
Gormly S. and K.A. Swinnerton. 2003. The Effect of Adult Returns to Schooling o Children’s Enrollment, Theory and Evidence from South Africa. US Department of Labour.
Grootaert C. and R. Kanbur. 1995. Child Labor: A Review, World Bank Working Paper 1454, Development Economic.
Grootaert C. 1998. Child Labor in Côte d’Ivoire: Incidence and Determinants, World Bank, Social Development, Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network, Washington.
ILO. 1997. Strategies for Eliminating Child labor: prevention, Removal and Rehabilitation, Synthesis Document, International Conference on Child Labour, ILO, Geneva.
Jensen P. and H.S. Nielsen. 1997. Child Labour or School Attendance? Evidence from Zambia. Journal of Population Economics 10: 407-424.
Liimatainen M.R. 2002. Training and Skills Acquisition in the Informal Sector: A Literature Review, In Focus Programme on Skills, Knowledge and Employability, Informal Economy Series, ILO, Geneva.
Maldonado C. 1998. Secteur Informel: Fonctions Macro-Economiques et politiques Giuvernementales: Le cas du Bénin, S-INF-1-18, ILO, 1998, 62.
Mukherjee A and U.B. Sinha. 2005. Schooling, Job Prospect and Cjild Labour in Developing Economy. Unpublished Paper, Economic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India.
Oudin X. 1990. La Formation dans le Secteur Informel : Une Etude de Cas à Niamey (République de Niger), Banque Mondiale, Orstom, Paris, Juin.
Psacharopoulos G, Patrinos A.H. 1997. Family Size, Schooling and Schild Labour in Peru: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Population Economics 10(4): 387-405.
Quisumbing A.R and K. Otsuka. 2001. Land Inheritance and Schooling in Matrilineal Societies: Evidence from Sumatra. World Development 29(12): 2093-2110. December.
Rammohan A. 2001. Old Age Security versus Current Consumption: The Forgotten Role of Child labour. Working Papers in Economics n°.98-06, University of Sydney, Australia.
Ranjan P. 2001. Credit Constraints and the Phenomenon of Child labor. Journal of Development Economics 64(1): 81-102. February.
Ranjan P. 1999. An Economic Analysis of Child Labor. Economics Letters, 64: 99-105.
Ray R. 2004. Child Labour: A Survey of Selected Asian Countries. Asian Pacific Economic Literature 18(2): 1-18. November.
Schlemmer B.1997. L’exploitation des Enfants au Travail: D’un Problème Social à une Problématique en Sciences Sociales. Revue Recherche Internationale 50: 67-68.
Schlemmer B. (1999), L’Ecole ou le Travail. Cahier ARES 1: 155-167.