Job Stability and Gender Perspectives: Application of a Logistic Regression Model
Main Article Content
Abstract
Several changes have been taking place in the labour market since the 1970s that have created the right climate to spur organisations and workers to demand greater flexibility in employment. In this context, temporary employment has been the focus of many research papers and temporary contracts have been used as a tool to achieve labour flexibility. In order to understand the situation in Andalusia (Spain), this paper aims to identify the decisive factors in permanent employment. To this end, starting hy‐ potheses will be defined about the decisive factors in permanent employment and the positive or negative significance of their influence; the starting hypotheses will then be tested empirically using a logistic regres‐ sion model on a sample population of wage earners in Andalusia. In the second stage, given that the ratio of temporary contracts is much higher among women, the variable ‘gender’ is likely to be decisive in the con‐ struction of the regression model, therefore the decisive factors for permanent employment in Andalusia will be evaluated separately for men and women, in order to calibrate the impact of gender on job stability. Fi‐ nally, based on the estimated probabilities of having a permanent job depending on gender, the degree of la‐ bour discrimination faced by women in the Andalusian labour market will be analysed.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors shall transfer the copyright to the publisher. If the submitted manuscript is not accepted for printing by the journal, the authors shall retain all their rights. The following rights on the manuscript are transferred to the publisher, including any supplementary materials and any parts, extracts or elements of the manuscript:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to print prepublications, reprints and special editions of the manuscript;
- the right to translate the manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these copies;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript electronically or optically using and all data carriers or storage media, and especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini Disc, data tapes, and the right to reproduce and distribute the article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the manuscript in databases, including online databases, as well as the right to transmit the manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the Internet, online service, or via internal or external networks.
Authors reserve the copyright to published articles and have the right to use the article in the same manner like third parties in accordance with the licence Attribution-Non-Commercial-Non-Derivate 4.0 International (CC BY). Thereby they must quote the basic bibliographic data of the source article published in the journal (authors, article title, journal title, volume, pagination).
References
Álvarez, C. (1996) El impacto de la contratación temporal sobre el sistema productivo español, Madrid: Consejo Económico y Social de España.
Armstrong, P. (1996) The Feminization of the Labour Force: Harmonizing Down in a Global Economy. Rethinking Restructuring: Gender and Change.
Aronsson, G., Gustafsson, K. and Dallner, M. (2002) “Work environment and health in different types of temporary jobs”, Work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(2), 151‐75.
Arulampalam, W. and Booth, A. L. (1998) “Training and labour market flexibility: is there a trade‐off?”, The British Journal of Industrial Relations, December, vol. 36(4) pp. 521–36.
Bentolila, S. and Dolado, J.J. (1994) “Spanish Labour Markets”. Economic Policy, 18, pp. 55‐99.
Booth, A.L., Francesconi, M. and Frank, J. (2001) “Temporary jobs: who gets them, what are they worth, and do they lead anywhere?” ISER Working Paper No. 00‐13, University of Essex, April.
Booth, A.L., Francesconi, M. and Frank, J. (2002) “Temporary Jobs: Stepping Stones or Dead Ends?” The Economic Journal, 112 (June), 189‐213.
Bradley, H., Erickson, M., Stephenson, C. and Williams, S. (2000) Myths at Work, Cambridge: Polity. Brown, S. and Sessions, J.G. (2003) “Earnings, education, and 21 fixed‐term contracts”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 50, No. 4, September.
Brown, S. and Sessions, J.G. (2005) “Employee Attitudes, Earnings and Fixed‐Term Contracts: International Evidence”, Review of World Economics, Vol. 141 (2).
Connelly, C. E. and Gallagher, D.C. (2004) “Emerging trends in contingent work research”, Journal of Management, 30, 956‐83.
Cranford, C.J., Vosko, L.F. and Zukewich, N. (2003) “The Gender of Precarious Employment in Canada”, Industrial Relations, 58(3), 454‐82.
De La Rica, S. (2004) “Wage Gaps Between Workers with Indefinite and Fixed‐Term Contracts: The Impact of Firm and Occupational Segregation”, Forthcoming in Moneda y Crédito.
Delsen, L. (1995) Atypical Employment: An International Perspective—Causes, Consequences, and Policy. Groningen: Wolters‐Noordhoff.
Dolado, J.J., García‐Serrano, C. and Jimeno, J.F. (2002). “Drawing Lessons from the Boom of Temporary Jobs in Spain”, The Economic Journal, 112 (June), 270‐95.
Farber, H. S. (1997). “The changing face of job loss in the United States, 1981–1995”, Brookings Papers: Microeconomics, 55–128.
Farber, H.S. (1999) “Alternative and part‐time employment arrangements as a response to job loss”. Journal of Labour Economics, 17, 4, 142–69.
Fudge, J. (1991) Labour Law’s Little Sister: The Employment Standards Act and the Feminization of Labour. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Fudge, J. and Vosko, L.F. (2001) “By Whose Standards? Re‐Regulating the Canadian Labour Market”, Economic and Indus‐ trial Democracy, Vol. 22, No. 3, 327.
García, J.I. and Rebollo, Y. (2005) The use of permanent and temporary jobs across Spanish regions: Do unit Labour cost differentials offer an explanation? Sevilla: Fundación Centro de Estudios Andaluces, Junta de Andalucía.
Golden, L. (1996) “The Expansion of Temporary Help Employment in the U.S., 1982‐ 1992. A Test of Alternative Economic Explanations”, Applied Economics, 28, September, 1127‐41.
Jimeno, J.F. and Toharia, L. (1993) “The effects of Fixed‐term employment on wages: theory and evidence from Spain”, Investigaciones Economicas, 16, 3, pp. 475–94.
Krahn, H. (1995), “Non‐standard Work on the Rise”, Perspectives on Labour and Income, Winter, 35. Laird, K. and Williams,
N. (1996) “Employment Growth in the Temporary Help Supply Industry”. Journal of Labour Research, 17, 663‐81.
Morris, M. and Vekker, A. (2001) “An Alternative Look at Temporary Workers, Their Choices, and the Growth in Temporary Employment”, Journal of Labour Research, 22(2), 373‐90.
Muckenberger, U. (1989) “Non‐standard Forms of Employment in the Federal Republic of Germany: The Role and Effectiveness of the State” in Precarious Employment in Labour Market Regulation: The Growth of Atypical Employment in Western Europe. G.
Rodgers and S. Rodgers, eds. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies, 227.
Nollen, S.D. (1996), “N egative aspects of temporary employment”, Journal of Labour Research, XVII, 4, pp. 567–82.
Purcell, K., Hogarth, T. and Simm, C. (1999) Whose Flexibility? The Costs and Benefits of Non‐Standard Working Arrangements
and Contractual Relations, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York Publishing Services.
Purcell, K. (2000) “Gendered employment insecurity?” In Heery, E. and Salmon, J. (eds) The Insecure Workforce, pp. 112– 139. Andover: Routledge.
Quinlan, M., Mayhew, C. and Bole, P. (2001) “The global expansion of precarious employment, work disorganization,and consequences for occupational health: A review of recent research”, International Journal of Health Services, 31, 335–414.
Saint Paul, G. (1996) “On the Political Economy of Labour Market Flexibility”, NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 8, pp. 151‐196.
Schellenberg, G. and Clark, C. (1996) Temporary Employment in Canada: Profiles, Patterns and Policy Considerations, Ottawa:Canadian Council on Social Development.
Segal, L.M. and Sullivan, D.G. (1997) “The Growth of Temporary Services Work”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11, 117‐36.
Segura, J., Durán, F., Toharia, L. and Bentolila, S. (1991) Análisis de la contratación temporal en España, Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social.
Sengenberger (1995) “Employment protection and employment security”, in Sengenberger and Campbell. (eds) Creating Economic Opportunities: The Role of Labour Standards in Industrial Restructuring. Geneva: Institute for Labour Studies.
Spalter‐Roth, R. and Hartmann, H. (1998) Gauging the Consequences for Gender Relations, Pay Equity and the Public Purse. Contingent Work: Employment Relations in Transition. K. Barker and K. Christensen, eds. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 69.
Standing, G. (1989) “Global feminization through flexible labour”, World Development, 17 July. Toharia, L. (2002) “El modelo español de contratación temporal”, Temas laborales, 64, pp. 117‐139.
Varejao, J. and Portugal, P. (2002). Why do Firms Used Fixed‐Term Contracts? Mimeo.
Vosko, L.F. (1997) “Legitimizing the Triangular Employment Relationship: Emerging International Labour Standards
from a Comparative Perspective”, Comparative Labour Law and Policy Journal, Vol. 19, fall, 43.
Vosko, L.F. (2000). Temporary Work: The Gendered Rise of a Precarious Employment Relationship. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.