Handling Injustice - Are Women Too Sensitive?
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Published
Dec 28, 2020
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Abstract
At time of COVID-19 pandemic, not only isolation and loneliness were increasing, but injustice was increasing, as well. Scholars argue, workplace is quite unjust toward women in general suggesting salary, benefits, little value to their voice, career growth and it shows COVID-19 pandemic exacerbates injustice at work moreover. The aim of the contribution was to analyze the character of relationship between women's sensitivity to injustice, emotions, employment sector and coping with injustice at work during COVID-19. 208 women with the average age of 26.08 years (SD = 7.39) answered the questions measuring sensitivity to injustice by Justice Sensitivity Inventory (Schmitt et al., 2010), emotions by Positive Affect Scale and Negative Affect Scale (Džuka & Dalbert, in Džuka, 2019) and coping by Brief COPE (Carver, 1997). The results showed that women were sensitive to injustice at work (M = 4.49; SD = .89), felt anger mostly (M = 4.35; SD = 1.31) and used adaptive coping strategies more than maladaptive coping strategies (t(207) = 15.47, p < .001). The analysis of character of relationship between selected variables showed that negative affect and employment sector were predictors of coping with injustice at work. Specific results are part of the contribution.
Article Details
Section
Part I.
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References
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[52] Váně, Jan. 2006. "Teorie Spravedlnosti a Její Možné Typologie." Pro-Fil, 7(1): 24-28.
[2] Armagan, Yasir, and Evren Erzen. 2015. "The Effect of Leadership on Organizational Justice." In Leadership and Organizational Outcomes Meta-Analysis of Empirical Studies, ed. Engin Karadağ, 239-254. New York: Springer.
[3] Baumert, Anna, Kathleen Otto, Nadine Thomas, D. Ramona Bobocel, and Manfred Schmitt. 2012. "Processing of Unjust and Just Information: Interpretation and Memory Performance Related to Dispositional Victim Sensitivity." European Journal of Personality, 26: 99-110.
[4] Borges, Renata. 2013. "Are public officials really less satisfied than private sector workers? A comparative study in Brazil." Revista de Administração Pública, 47(6): 1477-1496.
[5] Callan, Mitchell J., Annelie J. Harvey, Robbie M. Sutton. 2014. "Rejecting Victims of Misfortune Reduces Delaydiscounting." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 51: 41-44.
[6] Carver, Charles S. 1997. "You Want to Measure Coping but Your Protocol's Too Long: Consider the Brief Cope." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1): 92-100.
[7] Colquitt, Jason A. 2001. "On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of a Measure." Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3): 386-400.
[8] Cooper, Claudia, Cornelius Katona, Martin Orrell, and Gill Livingston. 2006. "Coping Strategies and Anxiety in Caregivers of People with Alzheimer's Disease: The LASER-AD Study." J Affect Disord, 90(1): 15-20.
[9] Čopková, Radka. 2020. "The Dark Triad in Helping Professions - Comparison of Teachers and Pedagogy Students." Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, 1-2: 125-141.
[10] Davis, Christopher. G., Susan Nolen‐Hoeksema, and Judith Larson. 1998. "Making Sense of Loss and Benefiting from the Experience: Two Construals of Meaning." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 561-574.
[11] Do Monte, Paulo Aguiar. 2017. "Public Versus Private Sector: Do Workers’ Behave Differently?" EconomiA, 18(2): 229-243.
[12] Douglas, Scott C., and Mark J. Martinko. 2001. "Exploring the Role of Individual Differences in the Prediction of Workplace Aggression." Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4): 547-559.
[13] Džuka, Jozef. 2019. "Low-Income People and Their SWB: Multiple Mediational Role of Two Basic Psychological Needs." Československá psychologie, 63(4): 402-412.
[14] Džuka, Jozef, Claudia Dalbert, and Manfred Schmitt. 2013. "Viera v Spravodlivý Svet a Jej Ochranná Funkcia vo Vzťahu k Subjektívnej Pohode: Výskum Špecifických Kopingových Reakcií." Československá psychologie, 57(1): 64-72.
[15] Erkutlu, Hakan. 2011. "The Moderating Role of Organizational Culture in the Relationship between Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors." Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32(6): 532-554.
[16] Ficková, Emília. 1992. "Multidimenzionálny dotazník copingových stratégií." In Praktická inteligencia 2, eds. A. Prokopčáková & I. Ruisel. Bratislava: Ústav experimentálnej psychológie SAV.
[17] Fula, Milan. 2004. Antropológia Ženy a Náuka Jána Pavla II. Bratislava: Don Bosco.
[18] Gollwitzer, Mario, and Tobias Rothmund. 2009. "When the Need to Trust Results in Unethical Behavior: The Sensitivity to Mean Intentions (SeMI) Model." In Psychological Perspectives on Unethical Behavior and Decision Making, ed. D. De Cremer, 135-152. Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
[19] Gollwitzer, Mario, Tobias Rothmund, Bianca Alt, and Marc Jekel. 2012. "Victim Sensitivity and the Accuracy of Social Judgments." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(8): 975-984.
[20] Greenberg, Jerald, and Jason A. Colquitt. 2005. Handbook of Organizational Justice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[21] Hafer, Carolyn L., and Leanne Gosse. 2011. "Predicting Alternative Strategies for Preserving a Belief in a Just World: The Case of Repressive Coping Style." European Journal of Personality, 41: 730-739.
[22] Jasper, James M., and Lynn Owens. 2014. Social Movements and Emotions. In Handbook of the Sociology of Emotion, ed. J. E. Stets and J. H. Turner, 529-548. Dordrecht: Springer.
[23] Jermier, John M., David Knights, and Walter R. Nord. 1994. Critical Perspectives on Work and Organization. Resistance and Power in Organizations. Taylor & Frances/Routledge.
[24] Johnson, Cathryn, Karen A. Hegtvedt, Leslie M. Brody, and Krysia Wrobel Waldron. 2007. "Feeling Injustice, Expressing Injustice: How Gender and Context Matter" In Social Psychology of Gender, ed. S. J. Correll, 149-186. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
[25] Johnston. 2020. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Women in the STEM Workforce. Commonwealth of Australia: Australian Government Chief Scientist Office.
[26] García, Felipe E., Carmen Gloria Barraza-Peña, Anna Wlodarczyk, Marcela Alvear-Carrasco, and Alejandro Reyes-Reyes. 2018. "Psychometric Properties of the Brief-COPE for the Evaluation of Coping Strategies in the Chilean Population." Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 31.
[27] Khattak, Mohammad N., Mohammad Bashir Khan, Tasneem Fatima, and Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah. 2018. "The Underlying Mechanism between Perceived Organizational Injustice and Deviant Workplace Behaviors: Moderating Role of Personality Traits." Asia Pacific Management Review, 24(3): 201-211.
[28] Krehbiel, Patricia J., and Russell Cropanzano. 2000. Procedural Justice, Outcome Favorability and Emotion. Social Justice Research, 13: 339-360.
[29] Köverová, Miroslava. 2014. "Rod, Ohnisko Kontroly a Zvládanie Záťažových Situácií." In: Sociální Procesy a Osobnost 2013. Včera, Dnes a Zítra: Sborník Příspěvků 16. Ročníku Mezinárodní Konference, 23. - 25. září 2013. Brno: Psychologický ústav AV ČR, 2014, pp. 170-174.
[30] Lerner, Melvin J., and Susan Clayton. 2011. Justice and Self-interest: Two Fundamental Motives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[31] Lichner, Vladimír, Magdaléna Halachová, and Ladislav Lovaš. 2018. "The Concept of Self-Care, Work Engagement, and Burnout Syndrome among Slovak Social Workers." Czech and Slovak Social Work, 4: 62-75.
[32] Lovaš, Ladislav. 1995. "Nespravodlivosť v Interpersonálnych Vzťahoch." Československá Psychologie, 39(3): 203-212.
[33] Lim, Youngshin, Hyunjoon Park, Hannah Tessler, Meera Choi, Gowoon Jung and Grace Kao. 2020. "Men and Women’s Different Dreams on the Future of the Gendered Division of Paid Work and Household Work after COVID-19 in South Korea." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 69.
[34] Lively, Kathryn J., Lala Carr Steelman and Brian Powell. 2010. "Equity, Emotion, and Household Division of Labor Response." Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(4): 358-379.
[35] Loi, Raymond, Lam Long W., and Ka Wai Chan. 2012. "Coping with Job Insecurity: The Role of Procedural Justice, Ethical Leadership and Power Distance Orientation." Journal of Business Ethics, 108: 361-372.
[36] Lotz, Sebastian, Tyler Okimoto, Thomas Schlösser, and Detlef Fetchenhauer. 2011. Punitive versus Compensatory Reactions to Injustice: Emotional Antecedents to Third-Party Interventions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(2): 477-480.
[37] Lovaš, Ladislav. 1995. "Nespravodlivosť v Interpersonálnych Vzťahoch." Československá psychologie, 39(3): 203-212.
[38] Meyer, Björn. 2001. "Coping with Severe Mental Illness: Relations of the Brief COPE with Symptoms, Functioning, and Well-Being." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(4): 265-277.
[39] Mikula, Gerold. 1993. "On the Experience of Injustice." European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1): 223-244.
[40] Mikula, Gerold, Ursula Athenstaedt, Sabine Heschgl, and Arno Heimgartner. 1998. "Does It Only Depend on the Point of View? Perspective-related Differences in Justice Evaluations of Negative Incidents in Personal Relationships." European Journal of Social Psychology, 28: 931-962.
[41] Miller, Dale T. 2001. "Disrespect and the Experience of Injustice." Annual Review of Psychology, 52: 527-553.
[42] Moore, Barbara C., David E. Biegel, and Thomas J. McMahon. 2011. "Maladaptive Coping as a Mediator of Family Stress." Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 11(1): 17-39.
[43] Ogungbamila, Bolanle, and Bola I. Udegbe. 2014. "Gender Differences in the Effects of Perception of Organizational Injustice on Workplace Reactivity." Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(1): 150-167.
[44] Penley, Julie A., and Joe Tomaka. 2002. "Associations among the Big Five, Emotional Responses, and Coping with Acute Stress." Personality and Individual Differences, 32(7): 1215-1228.
[45] Rand, David G., Joshua D. Greene, and Martin A. Nowak. 2012. "Spontaneous Giving and Calculated Greed." Nature, 489: 427-430.
[46] Rozenberg, Serge, Jean Vandromme, and Charlotte Martin. 2020. "Are We Equal in Adversity? Does Covid-19 Affect Women and Men Differently?" Maturitas, 138: 62-68.
[47] Shi, Junqi, Han Lin, Lei Wang and Mo Wang. 2009. "Linking the Big Five Personality Constructs to Organizational Justice." Social Behavior and Personality, 37(2): 209-222.
[48] Schmitt, Manfred, and Jürgen Maes. 2006. "Equity and Justice." In Psychology of entertainment, ed. J. Bryant, and P. Vorderer, 273-289. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[49] Schmitt, Manfred, Anna Baumert, Mario Gollwitzer, and Jürgen Maes. 2010. "The Justice Sensitivity Inventory: Factorial Validity, Location in the Personality Facet Space, Demographic Pattern, and Normative Data." Social Justice Research, 23: 211-238.
[50] Thomas, Nadine, Anna Baumert, and Manfred Schmitt. 2012. "Justice Sensitivity as a Risk and Protective Factor in Social Conflicts." In Justice and Conflicts, eds. E. Kals & J. Maes, 107-120. Berlin: Springer.
[51] UN Women. 2020. Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women. New York: United Nations.
[52] Váně, Jan. 2006. "Teorie Spravedlnosti a Její Možné Typologie." Pro-Fil, 7(1): 24-28.