Do Business-Friendly States Attract Female Entrepreneurs?
Article Sidebar
Published
Nov 15, 2021
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, we examine whether there is a significant difference in small business owner characteristics in business-friendly states in the U.S. versus in less friendly states. In the survey that we employ, business-friendliness has four components. These are the ease of hire, ease of start, training/networking programs, and regulations. The owner characteristics including “position in the firm”, “previous entrepreneurial experience”, “gender”, “age”, “political view”, “education level”, and “race” are also included in the survey. Our results for “overall business friendliness” show that, in business-friendly states, there are more female owners and experienced owners when compared to the other states. In these states, there are more conservatives but fewer liberals and independents. Also, in these states, we are seeing more technical college and high school graduates and fewer community college graduates and master’s graduates. Finally, in these states, we see fewer Asian or Hispanic owners when compared to the other states.
Article Details
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors shall transfer the copyright to the publisher. If the submitted manuscript is not accepted for printing by the journal, the authors shall retain all their rights. The following rights on the manuscript are transferred to the publisher, including any supplementary materials and any parts, extracts or elements of the manuscript:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to print prepublications, reprints and special editions of the manuscript;
- the right to translate the manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these copies;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript electronically or optically using and all data carriers or storage media, and especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini Disc, data tapes, and the right to reproduce and distribute the article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the manuscript in databases, including online databases, as well as the right to transmit the manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the Internet, online service, or via internal or external networks.
Authors reserve the copyright to published articles and have the right to use the article in the same manner like third parties in accordance with the licence Attribution-Non-Commercial-Non-Derivate 4.0 International (CC BY NC ND). Thereby they must quote the basic bibliographic data of the source article published in the journal (authors, article title, journal title, volume, pagination).
References
[1] Acs, Zoltan J., Pontus Braunerhjelm, David B. Audretsch, and Bo Carlsson. 2009. "The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship." Small Business Economics, 32(1): 15-30.
[2] Acs, Zoltan J., and Laszlo Szerb. 2007. "Entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy." Small Business Economics, 28(2-3): 109-122.
[3] Aidis, Ruta, Saul Estrin, and Tomasz Mickiewicz. 2008. "Institutions and entrepreneurship development in Russia: A comparative perspective." Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6): 656-672.
[4] Aidis, Ruta, Friederike Welter, David Smallbone, and Nina Isakova. 2007. "Female entrepreneurship in transition economies: the case of Lithuania and Ukraine." Feminist Economics, 13(2): 157-183.
[5] Allen, W. David. 2000. "Social networks and self-employment." The Journal of socio-economics, 29(5): 487-501.
[6] Amine, Lyn S., and Karin M. Staub. 2009. "Women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa: An institutional theory analysis from a social marketing point of view." Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 21(2): 183-211.
[7] Baughn, C. Christopher, Bee–Leng Chua, and Kent E. Neupert. 2006. "The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneruship: A multicountry study." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(5): 687-708.
[8] Bergmann, Heiko, and Rolf Sternberg. 2007. "The changing face of entrepreneurship in Germany." Small Business Economics, 28(2-3): 205-221.
[9] Branstetter, Lee, Francisco Lima, Lowell J. Taylor, and Ana Venâncio. 2014. "Do entry regulations deter entrepreneurship and job creation? Evidence from recent reforms in Portugal." The Economic Journal, 124(577): 805-832.
[10] Bitzenis, Aristidis, and Ersanja Nito. 2005. "Obstacles to entrepreneurship in a transition business environment: the case of Albania." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4): 564-578.
[11] Bock, Bettina B. 2004. "Fitting in and Multi‐tasking: Dutch Farm Women's Strategies in Rural Entrepreneurship." Sociologia Ruralis, 44(3): 245-260.
[12] Brush, Candida G. 1992. "Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16(4): 5-30.
[13] Brush, C. G., N. Carter, E. Gatewood, P. Greene, and M. Hart. 2006. "Growth-Oriented Women Entrepreneurs and their Businesses: A Global Research Perspective Edward Elgar Publishing."
[14] Dreher, Axel, and Martin Gassebner. 2013. "Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry." Public Choice, 155(3-4): 413-432.
[15] Estrin, Saul, and Tomasz Mickiewicz. 2011. "Institutions and female entrepreneurship." Small business economics, 37(4): 397.
[16] García-Posada, Miguel, and Juan S. Mora-Sanguinetti. 2015. "Entrepreneurship and enforcement institutions: Disaggregated evidence for Spain." European Journal of Law and Economics, 1-26.
[17] Ghani, Ejaz, William R. Kerr, and Stephen O'Connell. 2014. "Spatial determinants of entrepreneurship in India." Regional Studies, 48(6): 1071-1089.
[18] Greve, Arent. 1995. "Networks and entrepreneurship—an analysis of social relations, occupational background, and use of contacts during the establishment process." Scandinavian journal of management, 11(1): 1-24.
[19] Greve, Arent, and Janet W. Salaff. 2003. "Social networks and entrepreneurship." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 28(1): 1-22.
[20] Hoang, Ha, and Bostjan Antoncic. 2003. "Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review." Journal of business venturing, 18(2): 165-187.
[21] Klapper, Leora, Luc Laeven, and Raghuram Rajan. 2006. "Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship." Journal of Financial Economics, 82(3): 591-629.
[22] Kreft, Steven F., and Russell S. Sobel. 2005. "Public policy, entrepreneurship, and economic freedom." Cato J., 25: 595.
[23] Kwong, Caleb, Dylan Jones‐Evans, and Piers Thompson. 2012. "Differences in perceptions of access to finance between potential male and female entrepreneurs: Evidence from the UK." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 18(1): 75-97.
[24] Langowitz, Nan, and Maria Minniti. 2007. "The entrepreneurial propensity of women." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3): 341-364.
[25] Manolova, Tatiana S., Rangamohan V. Eunni, and Bojidar S. Gyoshev. 2008. "Institutional environments for entrepreneurship: Evidence from emerging economies in Eastern Europe." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1): 203-218.
[26] Noguera, Maria, Claudia Alvarez, and David Urbano. 2013. "Socio-cultural factors and female entrepreneurship." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(2): 183-197.
[27] Noguera, Maria, Claudia Alvarez, Jose M. Merigo, and David Urbano. 2015. "Determinants of female entrepreneurship in Spain: an institutional approach." Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 21(4): 341-355.
[28] Nawaser, Khaled, Seyed Mohammad Sadeq Khaksar, Fatemeh Shaksian, and Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi. 2011. "Motivational and legal barriers of entrepreneurship development." International Journal of Business and Management, 6(11): 112.
[29] Nyström, Kristina. 2008. "The institutions of economic freedom and entrepreneurship: evidence from panel data" Public Choice, 136(3-4): 269-282.
[30] Ovaska, Tomi, and Russell S. Sobel. 2005. "Entrepreneurship in post-socialist economies." Journal of Private Enterprise, 21(1): 8-28.
[31] Parker, Simon C. 2007. "Law and the Economics of Entrepreneurship." Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 28(4).
[32] Rosa, Peter, and Daphne Hamilton. 1994. "Gender and ownership in UK small firms." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(3): 11-27.
[33] Sexton, Donald L., and Nancy Bowman-Upton. 1990. "Female and male entrepreneurs: Psychological characteristics and their role in gender-related discrimination." Journal of business venturing, 5(1): 29-36.
[34] Smallbone, David, Friederike Welter, Artem Voytovich, and Igor Egorov. 2010. “Government and entrepreneurship in transition economies: the case of small firms in business services in Ukraine.” The service industries Journal, 30(5): 655-670.
[35] Stephan, Ute, and Lorraine M. Uhlaner. 2010. "Performance-based vs socially supportive culture: A cross-national study of descriptive norms and entrepreneurship." Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8): 1347-1364.
[36] Vaillant, Yancy, and Esteban Lafuente. 2007. "Do different institutional frameworks condition the influence of local fear of failure and entrepreneurial examples over entrepreneurial activity?" Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(4): 313-337.
[37] Valdez, Michael E., and James Richardson. 2013. "Institutional Determinants of Macro‐Level Entrepreneurship." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(5): 1149-1175.
[38] Van Stel, Andre, David J. Storey, and A. Roy Thurik. 2007. "The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship." Small Business Economics, 28(2-3): 171-186.
[39] Welter, Friederike. 2004. "The environment for female entrepreneurship in Germany." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(2): 212-221.
[40] Wennekers, Sander, and Roy Thurik. 1999. "Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth." Small Business Economics, 13(1): 27-56.
[2] Acs, Zoltan J., and Laszlo Szerb. 2007. "Entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy." Small Business Economics, 28(2-3): 109-122.
[3] Aidis, Ruta, Saul Estrin, and Tomasz Mickiewicz. 2008. "Institutions and entrepreneurship development in Russia: A comparative perspective." Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6): 656-672.
[4] Aidis, Ruta, Friederike Welter, David Smallbone, and Nina Isakova. 2007. "Female entrepreneurship in transition economies: the case of Lithuania and Ukraine." Feminist Economics, 13(2): 157-183.
[5] Allen, W. David. 2000. "Social networks and self-employment." The Journal of socio-economics, 29(5): 487-501.
[6] Amine, Lyn S., and Karin M. Staub. 2009. "Women entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa: An institutional theory analysis from a social marketing point of view." Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 21(2): 183-211.
[7] Baughn, C. Christopher, Bee–Leng Chua, and Kent E. Neupert. 2006. "The normative context for women's participation in entrepreneruship: A multicountry study." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(5): 687-708.
[8] Bergmann, Heiko, and Rolf Sternberg. 2007. "The changing face of entrepreneurship in Germany." Small Business Economics, 28(2-3): 205-221.
[9] Branstetter, Lee, Francisco Lima, Lowell J. Taylor, and Ana Venâncio. 2014. "Do entry regulations deter entrepreneurship and job creation? Evidence from recent reforms in Portugal." The Economic Journal, 124(577): 805-832.
[10] Bitzenis, Aristidis, and Ersanja Nito. 2005. "Obstacles to entrepreneurship in a transition business environment: the case of Albania." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4): 564-578.
[11] Bock, Bettina B. 2004. "Fitting in and Multi‐tasking: Dutch Farm Women's Strategies in Rural Entrepreneurship." Sociologia Ruralis, 44(3): 245-260.
[12] Brush, Candida G. 1992. "Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16(4): 5-30.
[13] Brush, C. G., N. Carter, E. Gatewood, P. Greene, and M. Hart. 2006. "Growth-Oriented Women Entrepreneurs and their Businesses: A Global Research Perspective Edward Elgar Publishing."
[14] Dreher, Axel, and Martin Gassebner. 2013. "Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry." Public Choice, 155(3-4): 413-432.
[15] Estrin, Saul, and Tomasz Mickiewicz. 2011. "Institutions and female entrepreneurship." Small business economics, 37(4): 397.
[16] García-Posada, Miguel, and Juan S. Mora-Sanguinetti. 2015. "Entrepreneurship and enforcement institutions: Disaggregated evidence for Spain." European Journal of Law and Economics, 1-26.
[17] Ghani, Ejaz, William R. Kerr, and Stephen O'Connell. 2014. "Spatial determinants of entrepreneurship in India." Regional Studies, 48(6): 1071-1089.
[18] Greve, Arent. 1995. "Networks and entrepreneurship—an analysis of social relations, occupational background, and use of contacts during the establishment process." Scandinavian journal of management, 11(1): 1-24.
[19] Greve, Arent, and Janet W. Salaff. 2003. "Social networks and entrepreneurship." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 28(1): 1-22.
[20] Hoang, Ha, and Bostjan Antoncic. 2003. "Network-based research in entrepreneurship: A critical review." Journal of business venturing, 18(2): 165-187.
[21] Klapper, Leora, Luc Laeven, and Raghuram Rajan. 2006. "Entry regulation as a barrier to entrepreneurship." Journal of Financial Economics, 82(3): 591-629.
[22] Kreft, Steven F., and Russell S. Sobel. 2005. "Public policy, entrepreneurship, and economic freedom." Cato J., 25: 595.
[23] Kwong, Caleb, Dylan Jones‐Evans, and Piers Thompson. 2012. "Differences in perceptions of access to finance between potential male and female entrepreneurs: Evidence from the UK." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 18(1): 75-97.
[24] Langowitz, Nan, and Maria Minniti. 2007. "The entrepreneurial propensity of women." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3): 341-364.
[25] Manolova, Tatiana S., Rangamohan V. Eunni, and Bojidar S. Gyoshev. 2008. "Institutional environments for entrepreneurship: Evidence from emerging economies in Eastern Europe." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1): 203-218.
[26] Noguera, Maria, Claudia Alvarez, and David Urbano. 2013. "Socio-cultural factors and female entrepreneurship." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 9(2): 183-197.
[27] Noguera, Maria, Claudia Alvarez, Jose M. Merigo, and David Urbano. 2015. "Determinants of female entrepreneurship in Spain: an institutional approach." Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory, 21(4): 341-355.
[28] Nawaser, Khaled, Seyed Mohammad Sadeq Khaksar, Fatemeh Shaksian, and Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi. 2011. "Motivational and legal barriers of entrepreneurship development." International Journal of Business and Management, 6(11): 112.
[29] Nyström, Kristina. 2008. "The institutions of economic freedom and entrepreneurship: evidence from panel data" Public Choice, 136(3-4): 269-282.
[30] Ovaska, Tomi, and Russell S. Sobel. 2005. "Entrepreneurship in post-socialist economies." Journal of Private Enterprise, 21(1): 8-28.
[31] Parker, Simon C. 2007. "Law and the Economics of Entrepreneurship." Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 28(4).
[32] Rosa, Peter, and Daphne Hamilton. 1994. "Gender and ownership in UK small firms." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(3): 11-27.
[33] Sexton, Donald L., and Nancy Bowman-Upton. 1990. "Female and male entrepreneurs: Psychological characteristics and their role in gender-related discrimination." Journal of business venturing, 5(1): 29-36.
[34] Smallbone, David, Friederike Welter, Artem Voytovich, and Igor Egorov. 2010. “Government and entrepreneurship in transition economies: the case of small firms in business services in Ukraine.” The service industries Journal, 30(5): 655-670.
[35] Stephan, Ute, and Lorraine M. Uhlaner. 2010. "Performance-based vs socially supportive culture: A cross-national study of descriptive norms and entrepreneurship." Journal of International Business Studies, 41(8): 1347-1364.
[36] Vaillant, Yancy, and Esteban Lafuente. 2007. "Do different institutional frameworks condition the influence of local fear of failure and entrepreneurial examples over entrepreneurial activity?" Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(4): 313-337.
[37] Valdez, Michael E., and James Richardson. 2013. "Institutional Determinants of Macro‐Level Entrepreneurship." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(5): 1149-1175.
[38] Van Stel, Andre, David J. Storey, and A. Roy Thurik. 2007. "The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship." Small Business Economics, 28(2-3): 171-186.
[39] Welter, Friederike. 2004. "The environment for female entrepreneurship in Germany." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 11(2): 212-221.
[40] Wennekers, Sander, and Roy Thurik. 1999. "Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth." Small Business Economics, 13(1): 27-56.