Online Social Networks and Women’s Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study between Iran and Hungary
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Dec 1, 2021
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Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of online social networks on women’s entrepreneurship in Hungary and Iran in a comparative study. The statistical population of the present study consists of women entrepreneurs active in the field of online businesses in Iran and Hungary. The questionnaire was distributed via online links on social networks (on the online business website, Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram), and respondents were asked to answer questions if they were women entrepreneurs. ANOVA test was used to examine the variable of online social networks on different platforms in Iran and Hungary. The results indicate that Facebook media in Hungary in women entrepreneurship is significantly different from other online social networks. Based on the data collected, more than 95% of women entrepreneurs in Hungary use Facebook. Conversely, in Iran, Instagram has a significant difference in women's entrepreneurship from other online social networks and is the most popular media in women’s entrepreneurship. So that more than 92% of female respondents in Iran have a channel related to their online business in Instagram media. These important findings emphasize the importance and impact of social networks as entrepreneurial channels according to the atmosphere of each country.
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References
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[28] Mathew, Viju. 2010. "Women Entrepreneurship in Middle East: Understanding Barriers and Use of Ict for Entrepreneurship Development." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(2), 163-81.
[29] McAdam, Maura; Caren Crowley and Richard T Harrison. 2019. "“To Boldly Go Where No [Man] Has Gone before”-Institutional Voids and the Development of Women's Digital Entrepreneurship." Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 912-22.
[30] Mivehchi, Leila. 2019. "The Role of Information Technology in Women Entrepreneurship (the Case of E-Retailing in Iran)." Procedia Computer Science, 158, 508-12.
[31] Moghadamzadeh, Ali; Pejman Ebrahimi; Soodabeh Radfard; Aidin Salamzadeh and Datis Khajeheian. 2020. "Investigating the Role of Customer Co-Creation Behavior on Social Media Platforms in Rendering Innovative Services." Sustainability, 12(17), 6926.
[32] Ngoasong, Michael Zisuh. 2018. "Digital Entrepreneurship in a Resource-Scarce Context: A Focus on Entrepreneurial Digital Competencies." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 25(3), 483-500.
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[34] Pettersson, Katarina; Helene Ahl; Karin Berglund and Malin Tillmar. 2017. "In the Name of Women? Feminist Readings of Policies for Women’s Entrepreneurship in Scandinavia." Scandinavian Journal of Management, 33(1), 50-63.
[35] Primecz, Henriett. 2021. "Challenges of a Social Enterprise Supporting Mothers in Hungary." Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 10(2), 202-15.
[36] Redd, Tammi C and Sibin Wu. 2020. "Gender Differences in Acquiring Business Support from Online Social Networks." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, 22.
[37] Ribes-Giner, Gabriela; Ismael Moya-Clemente; R Cervelló-Royo and María Rosario Perello-Marin. 2018. "Domestic Economic and Social Conditions Empowering Female Entrepreneurship." Journal of Business Research, 89, 182-89.
[38] Rosca, Eugenia; Nivedita Agarwal and Alexander Brem. 2020. "Women Entrepreneurs as Agents of Change: A Comparative Analysis of Social Entrepreneurship Processes in Emerging Markets." Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 157, 120067.
[39] Roshandel-Arbatani, Taher; Hiroko Kawamorita; Saeid Ghanbary and Pejman Ebrahimi. 2019. "Modelling Media Entrepreneurship in Social Media: Sem and Mlp-Ann Approach." AD-minister, (34), 35-57.
[40] Salamzadeh, Aidin. 2018. "Start-up boom in an emerging market: A niche market approach." In Competitiveness in emerging markets, pp. 233-243. Springer, Cham.
[41] Salamzadeh, Aidin, and Leo Paul Dana. 2021. "The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: challenges among Iranian startups." Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 33(5), 489-512.
[42] Salamzadeh, Aidin, Jahangir Yadolahi Farsi, and Yashar Salamzadeh. 2013. "Entrepreneurial universities in Iran: a system dynamics model." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 20(4), 420-445.
[43] Setini, Made; Ni Nyoman Kerti Yasa; I Wayan Gede Supartha; I Ketut Giantari and Ismi Rajiani. 2020. "The Passway of Women Entrepreneurship: Starting from Social Capital with Open Innovation, through to Knowledge Sharing and Innovative Performance." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(2), 25.
[44] Siničáková, M. 2011. "Homogeneity of the European Union from the point of view of labour market." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 17-28.
[45] Vukmirović, V. 2019. "Entrepreneurship Education among University Students as a Predictor of Female Entrepreneurial Undertakings." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 86-102.
[46] Vučeković, Miloš; Mirjana Radović-Marković; Borislav Đukanović; Svetlana Duković; and Arsen Dragojević. 2021. "Gender Aspects of Working from Home in Serbia." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 18-36.
[47] https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-20202021-global-report
[48] https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/
[49] https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=83119
[2] Armstrong, Richard A. 2014. "When to Use the B Onferroni Correction." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 34(5), 502-08.
[3] Bahramitash, Roksana and Hadi Salehi Esfahani. 2016. "Gender and Entrepreneurship in Iran," Women, Work and Welfare in the Middle East and North Africa: The Role of Socio-Demographics, Entrepreneurship and Public Policies. World Scientific, 291-319.
[4] Bradić-Martinović, Aleksandra, Aleksandar Zdravković, and Tatjana Mišić. 2020. "eHealth Skills of Female Entrepreneurs in Serbia." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 101-122.
[5] Cesaroni, Francesca Maria; Paola Demartini and Paola Paoloni. 2017. "Women in Business and Social Media: Implications for Female Entrepreneurship in Emerging Countries." African Journal of Business Management, 11(14), 316-26.
[6] De Silva, Thilini; Sirkku Männikkö Barbutiu; Kutoma Wakunuma and Gehan S Dhameeth. 2021. "Empowerment through Women Entrepreneurship: A Case from the Beauty Salon Sector in Sri Lanka."
[7] Dy, Angela Martinez; Susan Marlow and Lee Martin. 2017. "A Web of Opportunity or the Same Old Story? Women Digital Entrepreneurs and Intersectionality Theory." Human Relations, 70(3), 286-311.
[8] Ebrahimi, Pejman; Mahsa Ahmadi; Abbas Gholampour and Hamidreza Alipour. 2019. "Crm Performance and Development of Media Entrepreneurship in Digital, Social Media and Mobile Commerce." International Journal of Emerging Markets, 16(1), 25-50.
[9] Ebrahimi, Pejman; Aidin Salamzadeh; Abbas Gholampour and Maria Fekete-Farkas. 2021a. "Social Networks Marketing and Hungarian Online Consumer Purchase Behavior: The Microeconomics Strategic View Based on Ipma Matrix." Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(4), 1-7.
[10] Ebrahimi, Pejman; Bijan Shafiee; Abbas Gholampour and Laleh Yousefi. 2018. "Impact of Organizational Innovation, Learning Orientation and Entrepreneurship on Sme Performance: The Moderating Role of Market Turbulence and Ict," Competitiveness in Emerging Markets. Springer, 447-80.
[11] Ebrahimi, Pejman; Maryam Soleimani; Sebastian Kot; Maria Fekete-Farkas and Hamidreza Alipour. 2021b. "Covid-19 Crisis and Online Businesses Resilience: A Moderated Mediation Model." European Journal of International Management.
[12] Gholampour, Abbas; Mir Hadi Moazen Jamshidi; Alireza Habibi; Narges Motamedi Dehkordi and Pejman Ebrahimi. 2020. "The Impact of Hospital Information System on Nurses' Satisfaction in Iranian Public Hospitals: The Moderating Role of Computer Literacy." Journal of Information Technology Management, 12(4), 141-59.
[13] Gimenez-Jimenez, Daniela; Andrea Calabrò and David Urbano. 2020. "The Neglected Role of Formal and Informal Institutions in Women’s Entrepreneurship: A Multi-Level Analysis." Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 196-226.
[14] Guo, Hai; Zhuen Yang; Ran Huang and Anqi Guo. 2020. "The Digitalization and Public Crisis Responses of Small and Medium Enterprises: Implications from a Covid-19 Survey." Frontiers of Business Research in China, 14(1), 1-25.
[15] Hair, J.F.; G.T.M. Hult; C.M. Ringle and M. Sarstedt. 2017. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (Pls-Sem). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
[16] Holienka, Marian; Zuzana Jančovičová and Zuzana Kovačičová. 2016. "Women Entrepreneurship in Visegrad Region and Its Drivers." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 64(6), 1899-910.
[17] Hossain, Madhobi and Mayeesha Fairuz Rahman. 2018. "Social Media and the Creation of Entrepreneurial Opportunity for Women." Management, 8(4), 99-108.
[18] Janavi, Elmira; Maryam Soleimani; Abbas Gholampour; Mike Friedrichsen and Pejman Ebrahimi. 2021. "Effect of Social Media Adoption and Media Needs on Online Purchase Behavior: The Moderator Roles of Media Type, Gender, Age." Journal of Information Technology Management, 13(2), 1-24.
[19] Kaufmann, J. and A. Schering. 2014. Analysis of Variance Anova. In Wiley StatsRef.
[20] Kawamorita, Hiroko; Noriyuki Takahashi and Kürşat Demiryürek. 2020. "Media Literacy and Rural Women Entrepreneurship: Experience from Japan and Turkey." Nordic Journal of Media Management, 1(3), 361-83.
[21] Kelidbari, Hamid Reza Rezaei; Mehdi Fadaei and Pejman Ebrahimi. 2016. "The Role of Ethical Leadership on Employee Performance in Guilan University of Medical Sciences." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 463-70.
[22] Khajeheian, Datis and Pejman Ebrahimi. 2020. "Media Branding and Value Co-Creation: Effect of User Participation in Social Media of Newsmedia on Attitudinal and Behavioural Loyalty." European Journal of International Management, 14(3), 254-73.
[23] Koltai, Luca; Réka Geambasu; Zsuzsanna Bakacsi-Saffer; Andrea Barna-Petróczi and Virág Zsár. 2020. "Covid-19 and Female Entrepreneurs Throughout Europe." Budapest: Hetfa Research Institute Ltd.
[24] Kuckertz, Andreas and Leif Brändle. 2021. "Creative Reconstruction: A Structured Literature Review of the Early Empirical Research on the Covid-19 Crisis and Entrepreneurship." Management Review Quarterly, 1-27.
[25] Lazić, Milena; Olivera Jovanović and Marija Lazarević-Moravčević. 2021. "Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Wake of the Covid19 Crisis: The Case of Serbia." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 56-69.
[26] Leong, Carmen; Felix Ter Chian Tan; Barney Tan and Fithra Faisal. 2020. "The Emancipatory Potential of Digital Entrepreneurship: A Study of Financial Technology-Driven Inclusive Growth." Information & Management, 103384.
[27] Manolova, Tatiana S; Candida G Brush; Linda F Edelman and Amanda Elam. 2020. " Pivoting to Stay the Course: How Women Entrepreneurs Take Advantage of Opportunities Created by the Covid-19 Pandemic." International Small Business Journal, 38(6), 481-91.
[28] Mathew, Viju. 2010. "Women Entrepreneurship in Middle East: Understanding Barriers and Use of Ict for Entrepreneurship Development." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(2), 163-81.
[29] McAdam, Maura; Caren Crowley and Richard T Harrison. 2019. "“To Boldly Go Where No [Man] Has Gone before”-Institutional Voids and the Development of Women's Digital Entrepreneurship." Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 912-22.
[30] Mivehchi, Leila. 2019. "The Role of Information Technology in Women Entrepreneurship (the Case of E-Retailing in Iran)." Procedia Computer Science, 158, 508-12.
[31] Moghadamzadeh, Ali; Pejman Ebrahimi; Soodabeh Radfard; Aidin Salamzadeh and Datis Khajeheian. 2020. "Investigating the Role of Customer Co-Creation Behavior on Social Media Platforms in Rendering Innovative Services." Sustainability, 12(17), 6926.
[32] Ngoasong, Michael Zisuh. 2018. "Digital Entrepreneurship in a Resource-Scarce Context: A Focus on Entrepreneurial Digital Competencies." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 25(3), 483-500.
[33] [33] Özsungur, Fahri. 2019. "A Research on Women's Entrepreneurship Motivation: Sample of Adana Province," Women's Studies International Forum. Elsevier, 114-26.
[34] Pettersson, Katarina; Helene Ahl; Karin Berglund and Malin Tillmar. 2017. "In the Name of Women? Feminist Readings of Policies for Women’s Entrepreneurship in Scandinavia." Scandinavian Journal of Management, 33(1), 50-63.
[35] Primecz, Henriett. 2021. "Challenges of a Social Enterprise Supporting Mothers in Hungary." Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 10(2), 202-15.
[36] Redd, Tammi C and Sibin Wu. 2020. "Gender Differences in Acquiring Business Support from Online Social Networks." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, 22.
[37] Ribes-Giner, Gabriela; Ismael Moya-Clemente; R Cervelló-Royo and María Rosario Perello-Marin. 2018. "Domestic Economic and Social Conditions Empowering Female Entrepreneurship." Journal of Business Research, 89, 182-89.
[38] Rosca, Eugenia; Nivedita Agarwal and Alexander Brem. 2020. "Women Entrepreneurs as Agents of Change: A Comparative Analysis of Social Entrepreneurship Processes in Emerging Markets." Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 157, 120067.
[39] Roshandel-Arbatani, Taher; Hiroko Kawamorita; Saeid Ghanbary and Pejman Ebrahimi. 2019. "Modelling Media Entrepreneurship in Social Media: Sem and Mlp-Ann Approach." AD-minister, (34), 35-57.
[40] Salamzadeh, Aidin. 2018. "Start-up boom in an emerging market: A niche market approach." In Competitiveness in emerging markets, pp. 233-243. Springer, Cham.
[41] Salamzadeh, Aidin, and Leo Paul Dana. 2021. "The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: challenges among Iranian startups." Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 33(5), 489-512.
[42] Salamzadeh, Aidin, Jahangir Yadolahi Farsi, and Yashar Salamzadeh. 2013. "Entrepreneurial universities in Iran: a system dynamics model." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 20(4), 420-445.
[43] Setini, Made; Ni Nyoman Kerti Yasa; I Wayan Gede Supartha; I Ketut Giantari and Ismi Rajiani. 2020. "The Passway of Women Entrepreneurship: Starting from Social Capital with Open Innovation, through to Knowledge Sharing and Innovative Performance." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(2), 25.
[44] Siničáková, M. 2011. "Homogeneity of the European Union from the point of view of labour market." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 17-28.
[45] Vukmirović, V. 2019. "Entrepreneurship Education among University Students as a Predictor of Female Entrepreneurial Undertakings." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 86-102.
[46] Vučeković, Miloš; Mirjana Radović-Marković; Borislav Đukanović; Svetlana Duković; and Arsen Dragojević. 2021. "Gender Aspects of Working from Home in Serbia." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 18-36.
[47] https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-20202021-global-report
[48] https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/
[49] https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=83119