Processes of Incubating African Female Entrepreneurs: Some Evidences from Senegal and Tanzania
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Sep 19, 2017
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Abstract
This paper seeks to examine the processes of incubating African female entrepreneurs. It is observed that despite the growing interest and large volume of literature on business incubation and their role in local economic growth, theories have been silent on explaining the role(s) of “female incubatees” within this process. The particular focus of this paper is on our current understanding of the nature of the complex processes of providing business support services to female entrepreneurs in Africa, an analysis of how incubation might address those challenges, and some tentative lessons drawn from our empirical research and entrepreneurs` own experiences. Therefore, this paper includes information and analysis on a number of business incubation initiatives, but its goal is to provide an understanding of what might work in the incubation industry and, in particular, why in specific circumstances female-owned businesses fail or succeed in the competitive business environment, which is often dominated by men. Its focus, therefore, is on incubation as means, not ends, as policies that enable businesses to overcome barriers during both pre and post-establishment. The local policies, enterprises and institutions form a significant part of this paper. Although it has been well documented that African female entrepreneurs are constrained by structural, cultural and institutional barriers (Spring and MacDade, 2005; Kyaruzi and Hales, 2006), the solutions to overcoming such barriers remain problematic. Also, their roles in the incubation processes are rarely mentioned in most policies on entrepreneurship in Africa. In an attempt to understand the mysterious concepts behind this one sided view, this paper draws its conclusions from studies conducted in Senegal and Tanzania to examine the role(s) of female entrepreneurs within the incubation process. Data was drawn from 160 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania firms and 40 female-owned businesses in Dakar, Senegal. The findings suggest that in most cases, the theories appear to treat the incubators and the business incubation processes as unproblematic institutions or policy tools for creating businesses and stimulating local economic growth through employment creation and taxes generated from new ventures. The conclusions suggest a need for more empirical studies on incubation processes and calls for new ways of incubating female entrepreneurs to realise their potential contributions to local economic growth. Since they have social and economic roles to play in contributing to local economic growth, our paper suggests that it is of significant importance to understand the processes and policies that are directed towards nurturing and supporting their ventures. This, and other elements that have been mentioned in this paper will enable policymakers and bilateral institutions to direct resources where they are mostly needed i.e. training, empowerment, capacity building and backup support.
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Gundry, L. K. and Welsch, H. (2001). "The Ambitious entrepreneur: High-growth strategies of women-owned enterprises." Journal of Business Venturing 16(5): 453-470
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Hisrich, R. D. and Öztürk, S. A. (1999). "Women entrepreneurs in a developing economy " The Journal of Management Development 18(2): 11-12(2)
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Juan, Puerto Rico, 16 – 19 June 2002.
Kmetz, J.L. (2000). Business Incubators for Central and Eastern Europe. University of Delaware
Kyaruzi, I.S (2008) The Process of Incubating Nascent Entrepreneurs for Economic Growth: Gainesville, IAABD conference, University of Florida. May 21-24 (Also submitted to the Journal of African Businesses)
Kyaruzi, I.S (2008). Local Economic Growth in Tanzania: Wrong to rely on service sector-led economy? Gainesville, IAABD conference, University of Florida. May 21-24
Kyaruzi, I.S. (2006). Business Incubation and Clustering in Tanzania: Local Economic Growth, Entrepreneurship and Business Support Policies. PhD thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Lalkaka (2003) Technology Business Incubation: Role, Performance, Linkages, Trends. Isfahan Science & Technology Town National Workshop on Technology Parks and Business Incubators Isfahan Iran, 20 - 21 May, 2003
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Lalkaka, R (2002). Technology business incubators to help build an innovation-based economy Journal of Change Management. Vol. 3, 2, 167–176
Lalkaka, R. (2002, December). Technology business incubators to help build an innovation-based economy. Journal of Change Management, 3(2), p.167-176. (PQ)
Lalkaka, R. (2003)‘Business incubators in developing countries: characteristics and performance’, Int. J. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, Vol. 3, Nos. 1/2, pp.31–55.
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Lingelbach, D., de la Viña, L. and Asel, P. (2005). What's Distinctive about Growth-Oriented Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries. University of Texas at San Antonio and The Johns Hopkins University
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Marlow, S. and Patton, D. (2005). "All Credit to Men? Entrepreneurship, Finance, and Gender." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29(6): 717-735
McClelland, D. C. (1987). "Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs." Journal of Creative Behavior 21(3): 219-33
McDade, B. and Spring, A. (2005). "The ‘new generation of African entrepreneurs’: networking to change the climate for business and private sector-led development." Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 17(26): 17-42
Mead, D. C., 1999. MSEs tackle both poverty and growth (but in different proportions). In: K. King and S. McGrath (Eds.) Enterprise in Africa. Intermediate Technology, London, pp. 61-71
Minniti, M., Allen, I. E. and Langowitz, N. (2005). 2005 Report onWomen and Entrepreneurship: UK report. London, London Business School/Babson College. 33
NAUDé, W.A.& KRUGELL, W.F. (2002). “African Economic Growth: Wrong to Rely on Small
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Olomi, D., and Nchimbi, M.I. (2002). Review of experience from interaction among donor agencies in small enterprise policy reform in the United Republic of Tanzania, prepared for the DAC Private Sector Development Group Tanzania and the International Working Group for SME Development of the OECD Committee of Donor Agencies, Sep. (Dar es Salaam, University of Dar es Salaam).
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Richardson, Pat, Howarth, R. and Finnegan, G. (2004). Jobs, Gender and Small Enterprises in Africa- A study on Women's Enterprise Development: Key Issues from the Research.
Rogerson, C. M. (2000). "Successful SMEs in South Africa: the case of clothing producers in the Witwatersrand." Development Southern Africa 17(5): 31
Roper, S. (1999) Israel’s Technology Incubators – Repeatable Success or Costly Failure?. Regional Studies 33 (2): 175-180.
Roper, S; Frenkel, A and Shefer, D (2001).Public Policy, Locational Choice And The Innovation Capability Of High-Rech Firms: A Comparison Between Israel And Ireland Northern Ireland Economic Research centre/P 67 (October 2001)
Scaramuzzi, E (2002). “Incubators in Developing Countries: Status and Development Perspectives”, InfoDev Program, World Bank, Washington, DC May 2002
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