Female Entrepreneurship and the Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry: Economic Emancipation and Clout for Pakistani Women
Main Article Content
Abstract
Socio-economics, culture, religious entrepreneurism and taboos have a massive impact on the societies in South Asia. Pakistan is a Muslim society that has lived side by side with the culture driven religion of the Indian society. There are numerous cultural overlaps though Muslim characteristic is an identity and practical way of life. In defining the entrepreneurial portrait of a Muslim female entrepreneur in Pakistan it has to be borne in mind that culture plays the dominant role as the hurdle. There is so much of complexity in the culture of South Asia that Amartiya Sen raises the question “How much of this can a foreigner with no more them a cursory knowledge of the factors involved – feel and respond to? --- and consequently warp the judgment”. And furthermore Roomi (2005) contends women face deep rooted discriminating cultural and social factors that hamper their growth. Yet the empowerment of women in Pakistan has come about following the example of Prophet Muhammad’s (SAW) wife Khadija (RA). This contradiction in terms and this evolution among Muslim women is a subject of interest to researcher what inhibits the growth of female entrepreneurs in a Muslim society like Pakistan.
The objective of this paper is to bring out for the benefit of the global community the nature of the environment and the impact of customs, traditions and culture and deterring factors of religious entrepreneurism. Existing literature on female entrepreneurship has been reviewed and especially the role of the Diana Project. But the constraint was owing to limited literature on female entrepreneurs of the Muslim of South Asia and Pakistan in particular qualitative methodology, in-depth interviews and case studies were adopted. The surveys recorded and transcribed the responses. The findings indicate that under the garb of religion, false philosophy is practiced. Women have discovered clout comes from having platform and hence the long down struggle to setup the Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry.
Conducting the paper has identified that there is not enough literature on this subject. Yet it is still surviving on the theoretical aspect of papers written on Western society by the Western researchers. Research must now look beyond the current limited and scope go for studying the various culturally linked factors and how to change the future growth of female entrepreneurship.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors shall transfer the copyright to the publisher. If the submitted manuscript is not accepted for printing by the journal, the authors shall retain all their rights. The following rights on the manuscript are transferred to the publisher, including any supplementary materials and any parts, extracts or elements of the manuscript:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to print prepublications, reprints and special editions of the manuscript;
- the right to translate the manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these copies;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript electronically or optically using and all data carriers or storage media, and especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini Disc, data tapes, and the right to reproduce and distribute the article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the manuscript in databases, including online databases, as well as the right to transmit the manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the Internet, online service, or via internal or external networks.
Authors reserve the copyright to published articles and have the right to use the article in the same manner like third parties in accordance with the licence Attribution-Non-Commercial-Non-Derivate 4.0 International (CC BY NC ND). Thereby they must quote the basic bibliographic data of the source article published in the journal (authors, article title, journal title, volume, pagination).
References
[2] Aaltio, I., Kyro, P., Sundin, E., (2009). Women Entrepreneurship and Social Capital as a Heuristic for Understanding Innovations.’ ICSB World Conference Seoul.
[3] Amartya Sen (2005). “Argumentative Indian”.
[4] Brush, C. (1992). ‘Research of Women Business Owners: Past Trends, a new Perspective, Future Directions, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice’, 16: 5-30.
[5] Fried Mau, Thomas, L., (2011). “A Cultural Revelation” Global Edition of the New York Times.
[6] Gale A. & Polnareva L. (2004). ‘Women in Management in Russia. in Women in Management Worldwide. Facts, Figures and Analysis’. M. Davidson and R. Burke (eds.), Ashgate, Cornwall.
[7] Gishkori, Z. (2010). ‘Against all Odds’ The Express Tribune Magazine: Karachi
[8] Guerrero, V. (2008). ‘Women and Leadership: Examining the Impact of Entrepreneurial Education on Leadership Self Efficacy’ (Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University).
[9] Hisrich, R.D., & C.G. Brush, (1986). ‘The Woman Entrepreneur: Starting, Managing and Financing a Successful New Business’ (London, Lexington Books).
[10] Holyquist, C. Carter, S.,(2009). “The Diana Project; Pioneering Women Studying Pioneering Women” Small Business Economics, Springer.
[11] Huq, A., (2009). ‘Feasibility of Business Ownership by Educated Urban Women: A Developing Country Perspective’. ICSB World Conference Seoul.
[12] Jalbert E.Susanne, (2000). “Women Entrepreneurs in the Global Economy,” Ph. D. March 17, p. 10-11.
[13] Kollan, B., and Parikh, I., (2005). ‘A Reflection of the Indian Women in Entrepreneurial World’, working paper Indian Institute of Management: Ahmadabad-380 015.
[14] Matlay, H., (2005). ‘Researching Entrepreneurship, Part 1: What Is Entrepreneurship and does it Matter?’ Education and Training, 47, 8/9, 665-677.
[15] Minitti, M. Arenius, P. & Langowitz, N., (2005). “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2004 report on Women and Entrepreneurship” Babson Park, MA: Babson College.
[16] Nabeel A. Goheer, (2003).‘Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan; How to Grow their Bargaining Power’ ILO: Islamabad.
[17] Nabeel Goheer and Susan E. Penksa, (2007). ‘Gender Intelligent Economic Growth Work in Pakistan’, United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
[18] Rajani, N., Sarada, D. (2008). “Women Entrepreneurship & Support System” Kamla-Raj Stud Home Comm Sci : 2(2): 107-112.
[19] Roomi, M, A., (2008). “Women Entrepreneurs in Pakistan: Profile, Challenges and Practical Recommendation”.
[20] Roomi, M, A., (2009). ‘Entrepreneurial Capital, Social Values and Islamic Traditions: Growth of Women-Owned Enterprises in Pakistan’ ICSB World Conference. Seoul.
[21] Roomi, M. A.& P. Harrison (2008). “Impact of Women-only Entrepreneurship Training in Islamic Society,” in the Dialogue of Woman Entrepreneurship and Social Capital. Eds.
[22] Sajal K. Maiti, (2008). ‘Women Entrepreneurs and Emerging Profession: A study on Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Home Delivery Catering Services in salt Lake Area, Kolkata, West Bangal’ Management and Labor Studies: Vol. 33 No 4.
[23] Sen, Amartya (2005) “The Argumentative Indain: Writing on Indian History, Culture and Identity” Picador N.Y.
[24] Tambunan, Tulus T.H. (2008), Development of SMEs in ASEAN, Read Worthy Publications, Ltd, New Delhi.
[25] WCCI (undated Publication), “Community of Women Entrepreneurs. Weekly.