Gender Inequality in Education and Science The Case of Serbia
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Dec 8, 2023
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Abstract
The research in the paper is directed towards the study of gender equality in science and education, with a focus on science and research activities in Serbia. The aim of the research conducted is to identify certain anomalies indicating the presence of a gender gap in education and science and to compare the trend in the domain of gender inequality with the one detected in Europe. Descriptive statistics is used in the research. The data is collected from various sources and the relevant literature that explores the gender gap in education and science, primarily focusing on the publications of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (SORS). The research proved the presence of gender inequality in science and research activities in Serbia. In fact, the gender segregation that is present in the education system is also reflected in the field of science. The research also confirmed the existence of vertical segregation, manifested through women's extremely modest participation in management positions of institutes and faculties.
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References
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[22] Jacobs, J. A. (1996). Gender Inequality and Higher Education. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1), 153-185.
[23] Kolin, M. (2010). Gender Inequalities and the Status of Women in the Labor Market in Transitional Serbia. Anthropology of East Europe Review, 28(1), 119-137.
[24] Larivière, V., Ni,C., Gingras, Y., Cronin,B., & Sugimoto, CR. (2013). Bibliometrics: Global Gender Disparities in Science. Nature, 504(7479), 211–213.
[25] Lukić-Krstanović, M. (2020). Biti žena u nauci – naučnica: problemi i perspektive. Etnografski institut SANU, Beograd. Naučnice u društvu, 443-456.
[26] Macarie, F.C., & Moldovan, O. (2015). Horizontal and Vertical Gender Segregation in Higher Education: EU 28 under scrutiny. Managerial Challenges of the Contemporary Society, 8(1), 162-169.
[27] Manić, S., Joksimović, Lj., & Zarić, S. (2018). Vertical Segregation in Higher Education – the Case Study of the Republic Serbia. Economic Horizons, 20(1), 3-15.
[28] Marcessa, S. (2022). Gender Differences in Burnout Syndrome and Perceptions of Gender Equality in Research Organisations. 5th International Conference on Gender Research, 5(1), 130-138.
[29] Marjanović, J., Domazet, I., & Miljković, J. (2023). Higher Education Branding through Instrumental Values. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 75-93.
[30] Moss-Racusin, C.A., John F. Dovidio, J.F., Brescoll, V., & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students. Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 109(41), 16474-16479.
[31] Ostojić, I., Maksimović, M., & Stojković-Zlatanović, S. (2022). Nejednakost i neravnopravnost žena na tržištu rada u kontekstu zelene ekonomije. Temida, 25(3), 251-281.
[32] Pavlović, O., & Ognjenović, K. (2020). Perspectives on Poverty by Gender within the Republic of Serbia. Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, 1-2, 37-52.
[33] Popović, D. (2008). Žene i obrazovanje, Genero: časopis za feminističku teoriju i studije kulture, 12, 95-108.
[34] Popović, D. (2012). Žene u nauci: Od Arhimeda do Ajnštajna- Osvajanje osvojenog. Službeni glasnik. Beograd.
[35] Rosser S.V., & Taylor, M.Z. (2004). Why are We Still Worried about Women in Science? Retrieved September 1, 2023 on https://www.aaup.org/comment/3291
[36] Ruggieri, R., Pecoraro, F., & Luzi, D. (2021). An Intersectional Approach to Analyse Gender Productivity and Open Access: a Bibliometric Analysis of the Italian National Research Council. Scientometrics, 126, 1647-1673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03802-0
[37] Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia. (2021). Nacionalna strategija za rodnu ravnopravnost za period od 2021. do 2030. godine. No. 103, 4th November, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2023 on https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/sgrs/vlada/strategija/2021/103/1
[38] Šobot, A. (2014). Economic Activity of Middle-Aged Women in Serbia as Relevant Gender Equality Issue. Zbornik Matice srpske za društvene nauke, 148, 499-510.
[39] Soetewey, A. (2020). Stats and R. Retrieved September 14, 2023 on https://statsandr.com/blog/student-s-t-test-in-r-and-by-hand-how-to-compare-two-groups-under-different-scenarios/
[40] SORS, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2012-2022), Bulletins - Scientific Research Activity in the Republic of Serbia https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20235696.pdf
[41] Stoet, G., & Geary, D. (2018). The Gender-Equality Paradox in Science. Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education, 29(4), 581-593.
[42] Stojanović, M., Pavkov-Hrvojević, M., Božić, M., Knežević, D., Davidović, M., Trklja, N., Žekić, A., Marković-Topalović, T., & Jovanović, T. (2019). Gender Imbalance in the Number of PhD Physicists and in Key Decision-Making Positions in the Republic of Serbia. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2109(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110107
[43] Tomić, M. (2010). Žene u akademskoj profesiji i muška dominacija. Sociologija, 52(2), 182-195.
[44] Vinokurova, N. (2015). Sustainable entrepreneurship and women in science and education: gender equality, gender ineguality. Entrepreneurship and sustainability issues. https://jssidoi.org/jesi/uploads/articles/8/Vinokurova_Sustainable_entrepreneurship_and_women_in_science_and_education_gender_equality_gender_inequality.pdf
[45] Xu, Y. (2008). Gender Disparity in STEM Disciplines: A Study of Faculty Attrition and Turnover Intentions. Research in Higher Education, 49, 607-624. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11162-008-9097-4
[2] Babović, M., & Petrović, M. (2021). Indeks rodne ravnopravnosti u Republici Srbiji 2021. Beograd: Tim za socijalno uključivanje i smanjenje siromaštva Vlade Republike Srbije.
[3] Baćević, J., Blagojević, J., Duhaček, D., Džamonja-Ignjatović, T., Vukasović, M., Popović, D., & Zaharijević, A. (2010). Analiza rodne dimenzije u visokoškolskom obrazovnom materijalu. Beograd: Program Ujedinjenih nacija za razvoj, Sektor za inkluzivni razvoj.
[4] Basantia, T. K., & Devi, Y.R. (2022). Gender Discrimination in Higher Education Institutions of Northeast India. Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 41-58.
[5] Beck-Peter, T., & Wenzel, N. G. (2020). Educating Girls, Educated Women: Dehomogenizing the Impact of Education in Development. Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 103-124.
[6] Bogdanović, M. (2006). Women in Education and Science. Sociologija, 48(4), 327-340.
[7] Chiloane-Tsoka, G. (2010). Perceptions of Barriers to the Advancement of Women in Management and Leadership Positions in South Africa. Gender and behaviour, 8(2), 2976-2995. https://doi.org/10.4314/GAB.V8I2.61928
[8] Čičkarić, Lj. (2019). Rodne nejednakosti u naučnim istraživanjima. Akademska knjiga. Novi Sad, pp. 87-98.
[9] Dutta, D. (2018). Women’s Discourses of Leadership in STEM Organizations in Singapore: Negotiating Sociocultural and Organizational Norms. Management Communication Quarterly, 32(2), 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318917731537
[10] Etzkowitz, H., & Kemelgor, C. (2001). Gender Inequality in Science: A Universal Condition? Minerva, 39(2), 153-174.
[11] European Commission. (2021). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, She figures 2021 – Gender in Research and Innovation – Statistics and indicators, Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/06090
[12] European Commission. (2008). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Benchmarking Policy Measures for Gender Equality in Science, Publications Office. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/55449
[13] Fényes, H. (2010). Horizontal and Vertical Segregation in Education by Gender in the Hungarian-Romanian-Ukrainian Border Region. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 1(1), 70-88.
[14] Fox, M., & Gaughan, M. (2021). Gender, Family and Caregiving Leave, and Advancement in Academic Science: Effects across the Life Course. Sustainability, 13(12), 6820. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13126820
[15] Friedmann, E. (2018). Increasing Women’s Participation in the STEM Industry. Journal of Social Marketing, 8(4), 442-460. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-12-2017-0086
[16] Ge, T., Abbas, J., Ullah, R., Abbas, A., Sadiq, I., & Zhang, R. (2022). Women’s Entrepreneurial Contribution to Family Income: Innovative Technologies Promote Females’ Entrepreneurship amid COVID-19 Crisis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 828040. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828040
[17] Grljević, O., Bošnjak, Z., & Boš, S. (2019). Sustainable Development through Gender Equality–A Case of Higher Education of Data Scientists. Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 73–85.
[18] Gupta, N., Kemelgor, C., Fuchs, S., & Etzkowitz, H. (2005). Triple Burden on Women in Science: A cross-cultural analysis. Current science, 89(8), 1382-1386.
[19] Ignjatović Dž., T., Popović, D., & Duhaček, G. (2010). Rodna osetljivost u akademskom prostoru: Istraživanje stavova prema rodnoj ravnopravnosti na Univerzitetu u Beogradu. Godišnjak Fakulteta političkih nauka, 4(4), 455-477.
[20] Ignjatović, S., & Bošković, A. (2013). Are we there yet? Citizens of Serbia and Public Policy on Gender Equality within the EU Accession Context. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 20(4), 425–440.
[21] Ignjatović, S., & Buturović, Ž. (2022). Svet i mi: Položaj naučne profesije sa osvrtom na društvene i humanističke nauke. U: Društvene i humanističke nauke. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, Institut društvenih nauka, Beograd, pp. 168-191.
[22] Jacobs, J. A. (1996). Gender Inequality and Higher Education. Annual Review of Sociology, 22(1), 153-185.
[23] Kolin, M. (2010). Gender Inequalities and the Status of Women in the Labor Market in Transitional Serbia. Anthropology of East Europe Review, 28(1), 119-137.
[24] Larivière, V., Ni,C., Gingras, Y., Cronin,B., & Sugimoto, CR. (2013). Bibliometrics: Global Gender Disparities in Science. Nature, 504(7479), 211–213.
[25] Lukić-Krstanović, M. (2020). Biti žena u nauci – naučnica: problemi i perspektive. Etnografski institut SANU, Beograd. Naučnice u društvu, 443-456.
[26] Macarie, F.C., & Moldovan, O. (2015). Horizontal and Vertical Gender Segregation in Higher Education: EU 28 under scrutiny. Managerial Challenges of the Contemporary Society, 8(1), 162-169.
[27] Manić, S., Joksimović, Lj., & Zarić, S. (2018). Vertical Segregation in Higher Education – the Case Study of the Republic Serbia. Economic Horizons, 20(1), 3-15.
[28] Marcessa, S. (2022). Gender Differences in Burnout Syndrome and Perceptions of Gender Equality in Research Organisations. 5th International Conference on Gender Research, 5(1), 130-138.
[29] Marjanović, J., Domazet, I., & Miljković, J. (2023). Higher Education Branding through Instrumental Values. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 75-93.
[30] Moss-Racusin, C.A., John F. Dovidio, J.F., Brescoll, V., & Handelsman, J. (2012). Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students. Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 109(41), 16474-16479.
[31] Ostojić, I., Maksimović, M., & Stojković-Zlatanović, S. (2022). Nejednakost i neravnopravnost žena na tržištu rada u kontekstu zelene ekonomije. Temida, 25(3), 251-281.
[32] Pavlović, O., & Ognjenović, K. (2020). Perspectives on Poverty by Gender within the Republic of Serbia. Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, 1-2, 37-52.
[33] Popović, D. (2008). Žene i obrazovanje, Genero: časopis za feminističku teoriju i studije kulture, 12, 95-108.
[34] Popović, D. (2012). Žene u nauci: Od Arhimeda do Ajnštajna- Osvajanje osvojenog. Službeni glasnik. Beograd.
[35] Rosser S.V., & Taylor, M.Z. (2004). Why are We Still Worried about Women in Science? Retrieved September 1, 2023 on https://www.aaup.org/comment/3291
[36] Ruggieri, R., Pecoraro, F., & Luzi, D. (2021). An Intersectional Approach to Analyse Gender Productivity and Open Access: a Bibliometric Analysis of the Italian National Research Council. Scientometrics, 126, 1647-1673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03802-0
[37] Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia. (2021). Nacionalna strategija za rodnu ravnopravnost za period od 2021. do 2030. godine. No. 103, 4th November, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2023 on https://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/sgrs/vlada/strategija/2021/103/1
[38] Šobot, A. (2014). Economic Activity of Middle-Aged Women in Serbia as Relevant Gender Equality Issue. Zbornik Matice srpske za društvene nauke, 148, 499-510.
[39] Soetewey, A. (2020). Stats and R. Retrieved September 14, 2023 on https://statsandr.com/blog/student-s-t-test-in-r-and-by-hand-how-to-compare-two-groups-under-different-scenarios/
[40] SORS, Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2012-2022), Bulletins - Scientific Research Activity in the Republic of Serbia https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20235696.pdf
[41] Stoet, G., & Geary, D. (2018). The Gender-Equality Paradox in Science. Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education, 29(4), 581-593.
[42] Stojanović, M., Pavkov-Hrvojević, M., Božić, M., Knežević, D., Davidović, M., Trklja, N., Žekić, A., Marković-Topalović, T., & Jovanović, T. (2019). Gender Imbalance in the Number of PhD Physicists and in Key Decision-Making Positions in the Republic of Serbia. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2109(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5110107
[43] Tomić, M. (2010). Žene u akademskoj profesiji i muška dominacija. Sociologija, 52(2), 182-195.
[44] Vinokurova, N. (2015). Sustainable entrepreneurship and women in science and education: gender equality, gender ineguality. Entrepreneurship and sustainability issues. https://jssidoi.org/jesi/uploads/articles/8/Vinokurova_Sustainable_entrepreneurship_and_women_in_science_and_education_gender_equality_gender_inequality.pdf
[45] Xu, Y. (2008). Gender Disparity in STEM Disciplines: A Study of Faculty Attrition and Turnover Intentions. Research in Higher Education, 49, 607-624. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11162-008-9097-4