The Influence of Entrepreneurial Identity and Maternal Identity Centrality on Creative Opportunity Search Strategies and Action Likelihood Case of Mumpreneurs in Turkey
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Abstract
Based on existing theoretical and empirical studies, this paper’s purpose is to examine the agents relevant to the process of mumpreneurs’ creative search and action likelihood toward new opportunities with an emphasis on two main identities: maternal and entrepreneurial as experienced by mumpreneurs in Turkey. The study examines the significance of both entrepreneurial and maternal identities on the use of creative strategies while searching for potential new opportunities and action likelihood toward these opportunities. Data for the study was collected using survey methodology on mumpreneurs in major urban cities of Turkey. The structural model measures entrepreneurial identity and maternal identity centrality, creative search strategies and action likelihood using a sample of 302 mumpreneurs: 169 part-time and 133 full-time mumpreneurs. Study findings reveal that between the two identities, entrepreneurial identity has a stronger positive effect on the use of creative strategies and action likelihood while maternal identity had a positive but quite low impact on the same variables. The use of creative strategies had a significantly positive and high impact on action likelihood. ‘Years of experience’ control variable has been found to have a significant negative influence on creative opportunity search strategies and action likelihood. This study helps us understand how motherhood’s powerful emotions and attachment to identities, which are highly central to the self, affect the entrepreneurial decision-making process.
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References
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[40] Navis, C., & Glynn, M. (2011). Legitimate distinctiveness and the entrepreneurial identity: Influence on investor judgments of new venture plausibility. Academy of Management Review, 36(3), 479-499.
[41] Newhouse, F. (2018). Mompreneur immunity: An exploration of meaning-making and relational support of self-employed women with children.
[42] Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
[43] Özar, Ş. (2016). Women entrepreneurs in Turkey: Obstacles, potentials, and prospects. In Women, Work and Welfare in the Middle East and North Africa: The Role of Socio-demographics, Entrepreneurship and Public Policies (pp. 235-262).
[44] Pandza, K., & Thorpe, R. (2009). Creative search and strategic sense‐making: missing dimensions in the concept of dynamic capabilities. ritish Journal of Management, 20, S118-S131.
[45] Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879.
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[49] Rubin, R. (1967). Attainment of the maternal role: Part I. Processes. Nursing Research, 16(3), 237-245.
[50] Seletkova, G. I., Lazukova, E. A., Stegnii, V. N., & Tulieva, K. V. (2021). Values of Entrepreneurs and Supervisors and Their Socio-professional Identity. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 37-55.
[51] Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validation and multinomial prediction. Biometrika, 61(3), 509-515.
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[2] Arendell, T. (2000). Conceiving and investigating motherhood: The decade's scholarship. Journal of marriage and family, 62(4), 1192-1207.
[3] Barnett, R. C., & Baruch, G. K. (1987). Mothers' participation in childcare: Patterns and consequences. Yale University Press.
[4] Breen R. H., & Leung A. (2020). Choosing mothering and entrepreneurship: A relational career-life process. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 12, 253–271.
[5] Brush, C. G. (1992). Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16(4), 5-30.
[6] Brush, C. G., De Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender‐aware framework for women's entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8-24.
[7] Burke, P. J., & Stets, J. E. (2009). Identity theory. Oxford University Press.
[8] Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of management Review, 34(3), 511-532.
[9] Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavior Science. Hilsdale.
[10] d’Andria, A., Bourgain, M., Le Loarne-Lemaire, S., & Gnan, L. (2020). La parentalité en entrepreneuriat: une dimension oubliée?. Revue de lEntrepreneuriat, 19(3), 13-21.
[11] Dimov, D. (2007). From opportunity insight to opportunity intention: The importance of person–situation learning match. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(4), 561-583.
[12] Dimov, D. (2020). Opportunities, language, and time. Academy of Management Perspectives, 34(3), 333-351.
[13] Drakpa, D., Loday, S., & Yangchen, K. (2022). Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention of the Female Students of Business Colleges of Bhutan: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 170-186.
[14] Duberley, J., & Carrigan, M. (2013). The career identities of ‘mumpreneurs’: Women’s experiences of combining enterprise and motherhood. International small business journal, 31(6), 629-651.
[15] Ekinsmyth, C. (2011). Challenging the boundaries of entrepreneurship: The spatialities and practices of UK ‘Mumpreneurs’. Geoforum, 42(1), 104-114.
[16] Ekinsmyth, C. (2013). Managing the business of everyday life: The roles of space and place in “mumpreneurship”. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 19(5), 525-546.
[17] El Kadhi, N. N., & Hamrouni, A. D. (2023). Mumpreneurship in an Effectual Dynamic: Entrepreneurial Logic and Motivations of Mumpreneurs. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 31(01), 1-24.
[18] Elvin-Nowak, Y., & Thomsson, H. (2001). Motherhood as idea and practice: A discursive understanding of employed mothers in Sweden. Gender & society, 15(3), 407-428.
[19] Farmer, S. M., Yao, X., & Kung–Mcintyre, K. (2011). The behavioral impact of entrepreneur identity aspiration and prior entrepreneurial experience. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 35(2), 245-273.
[20] Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
[21] Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics.
[22] Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101-107.
[23] Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2014). Pearson new international edition. Multivariate data analysis, Seventh Edition. Pearson Education Limited Harlow, Essex.
[24] Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago press.
[25] Heinonen, J., Hytti, U., & Stenholm, P. (2011). The role of creativity in opportunity search and business idea creation. Education+ Training, 53(8/9), 659-672.
[26] Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43(1), 115-135.
[27] Hmieleski, K. M., Carr, J. C., & Baron, R. A. (2015). Integrating discovery and creation perspectives of entrepreneurial action: The relative roles of founding CEO human capital, social capital, and psychological capital in contexts of risk versus uncertainty. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(4), 289-312.
[28] Ilha Villanova, A. L., & Pina e Cunha, M. (2021). Everyday creativity: A systematic literature review. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 55(3), 673-695.
[29] Karadeniz, E., Kunday. Ö., Schott. T., & Gizer. G. (2023). Impact of the pandemic on entrepreneurship in Turkey GEM 2021/2022. Yeditepe University Press.
[30] Kemmelmeier, M., & Walton, A. P. (2016). Creativity in men and women: Threat, other-interest, and self-assessment. Creativity Research Journal, 28(1), 78-88.
[31] Kogut, C. S., & Mejri, K. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in emerging markets: Challenges of running a business in turbulent contexts and times. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 95–116.
[32] King, K. (2020). Networks, aspirations, and outcomes of mom entrepreneurs. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 1-21.
[33] Kwaśniewska, J. M., & Lebuda, I. (2017). Balancing between roles and duties–The creativity of mothers. Creativity. Theories–Research-Applications, 4(1), 137-158.
[34] Landour, J. (2020). Mompreneurs. Economics, Parenting and Identity. Travail et Emploi, (Hors-série), 121-142.
[35] Lebuda, I., Jankowska, D. M., & Karwowski, M. (2020). Parents’ creative self-concept and creative activity as predictors of family lifestyle. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9558.
[36] Lewis, P. (2014). Postfeminism, femininities and organization studies: Exploring a new agenda. Organization Studies, 35(12), 1845-1866.
[37] Lewis, P., Rumens, N., & Simpson, R. (2022). Postfeminism, hybrid mumpreneur identities and the reproduction of masculine entrepreneurship. International Small Business Journal, 40(1), 68-89.
[38] Marsh, H. W., Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., Köller, O., & Baumert, J. (2006). Integration of multidimensional self‐concept and core personality constructs: Construct validation and relations to well‐being and achievement. Journal of personality, 74(2), 403-456.
[39] Martire, L. M., Stephens, M. A. P., & Townsend, A. L. (2000). Centrality of women's multiple roles: Beneficial and detrimental consequences for psychological well-being. Psychology and Aging, 15(1), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.148
[40] Navis, C., & Glynn, M. (2011). Legitimate distinctiveness and the entrepreneurial identity: Influence on investor judgments of new venture plausibility. Academy of Management Review, 36(3), 479-499.
[41] Newhouse, F. (2018). Mompreneur immunity: An exploration of meaning-making and relational support of self-employed women with children.
[42] Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
[43] Özar, Ş. (2016). Women entrepreneurs in Turkey: Obstacles, potentials, and prospects. In Women, Work and Welfare in the Middle East and North Africa: The Role of Socio-demographics, Entrepreneurship and Public Policies (pp. 235-262).
[44] Pandza, K., & Thorpe, R. (2009). Creative search and strategic sense‐making: missing dimensions in the concept of dynamic capabilities. ritish Journal of Management, 20, S118-S131.
[45] Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879.
[46] Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Investment Office (2024). Guide to state incentives for investments in Türkiye. https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/library/publications/lists/investpublications/guide-to-state-incentives-for-investments-in-turkiye.pdf
[47] Puhakka, V. (2007). Effects of opportunity discovery strategies of entrepreneurs on performance of new ventures. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 16(1), 19-51.
[48] Rodrigues, M., Daniel, A. D., & Franco, M. (2023). What is important to know about mumpreneurship? A bibliometric analysis. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(7), 3413-3435.
[49] Rubin, R. (1967). Attainment of the maternal role: Part I. Processes. Nursing Research, 16(3), 237-245.
[50] Seletkova, G. I., Lazukova, E. A., Stegnii, V. N., & Tulieva, K. V. (2021). Values of Entrepreneurs and Supervisors and Their Socio-professional Identity. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 37-55.
[51] Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validation and multinomial prediction. Biometrika, 61(3), 509-515.
[52] Stryker, S., Serpe, R. T., & Hunt, M. O. (2005). Making good on a promise: The impact of larger social structures on commitments. In Social identification in groups. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
[53] Sonbol, D. (2018). Women entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia: Creative responses to gendered opportunities. In The Palgrave Handbook of Creativity at Work (pp. 361-384). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
[54] Tan, J. D., & Yew, J. L. K. (2023). Women entrepreneurship: Mumpreneurs cruising the COVID‐19 pandemic in Indonesia. Business and Society Review, 128(1), 133-168.
[55] TÜIK. (2023). Statistics According To Topic. Employment statistics.
[56] Ufuk, H., & Özgen, Ö. (2001). Interaction between the business and family lives of women entrepreneurs in Turkey. Journal of business ethics, 31, 95-106.