Investigating Women’s Attitudes towards Gender Gap, Employment and Achieving Social Positions Case Study: Women between 20-30 and 50-60 Years Old
Main Article Content
Abstract
Women who constitute half of the society have lower social and economic positions compared to men. Employment, social functions, higher educations, and other positions that ignore women are examples of this inequality. In the meanwhile, women’s attitudes towards this inequality have particular importance, because in the case of accepting this inequality and internalizing it, they themselves instigate this inequality and will internalize it. So far, in many aspects of the society, these intellectual sediments have caused women’s retardation from many social aspects. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate women’s (particularly women of Tehran) attitudes towards gender-social inequalities against women as well as gender gap in employment and achieving social and economic positions. Due to the vast area of Tehran and lack of possibility to make samples from all areas, the city was divided into three northern, southern, and central parts and in each area, the available streets were identified and numbered. Then, by regular random sampling, several streets were selected and census was done. In this study, women were from two age groups of 20-30 and 50-60 years old. After survey and fulfillment of researcher-made questionnaires, data were analyzed in SPSS.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors shall transfer the copyright to the publisher. If the submitted manuscript is not accepted for printing by the journal, the authors shall retain all their rights. The following rights on the manuscript are transferred to the publisher, including any supplementary materials and any parts, extracts or elements of the manuscript:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to print prepublications, reprints and special editions of the manuscript;
- the right to translate the manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these copies;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript electronically or optically using and all data carriers or storage media, and especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini Disc, data tapes, and the right to reproduce and distribute the article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the manuscript in databases, including online databases, as well as the right to transmit the manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the Internet, online service, or via internal or external networks.
Authors reserve the copyright to published articles and have the right to use the article in the same manner like third parties in accordance with the licence Attribution-Non-Commercial-Non-Derivate 4.0 International (CC BY NC ND). Thereby they must quote the basic bibliographic data of the source article published in the journal (authors, article title, journal title, volume, pagination).
References
[2] Afshari, Sh. 2001. “Gender Separation of Iran’s Market.” Journal of Women Studies. 6th year, 2.
[3] Ahl H., Nelson T. 2015. “How policy positions women entrepreneurs: A comparative analysis of state discourse in Sweden and the United States.” Journal of Business Venturing, 30: 273–291.
[4] Ahmadi, A. 2001. The role of culture in balancing gender trends in social life.
[5] Bagheri, Kh. 2004. Feminism Philosophical Theories. Tehran: cultural studies and social planning.
[6] Barantez, E. 1998. Man and Woman. Translated by Asghari. Tehran.
[7] Biker, T. 2001. Scial studies. Translated by Neyebi. Tehran.
[8] Biro, A. 1988. Social Sciences. Translated by Saroukhani. Tehran.
[9] Clainberg, E. 1971. Social Psychology. Translated by Kardan. Tehran, Andishe Publications.
[10] Erenson, E. 2003. Social Psychology. Translated by Shekarshekan. Tehran.
[11] Estephani, G. 2001. Gender Socialization. Translated by Baghaei. Tehran.
[12] Ezazi, Sh. 2001. Family Scialization. Tehran.
[13] Fang Y., Shi K., Niu C. 2016. “A comparison of the means and ends of rural construction land consolidation: Case studies of villagers' attitudes and behaviours in Changchun City, Jilin province.” China, Journal of Rural Studies, In Press.
[14] Golombouk, F. 1999. Gender Growth. Translated by Shahraray. Tehran.
[15] Gidenz, A. 1995. Socialization. Translated by Saboori. Tehran.
[16] Ham, M. 2003. Feminism Theories. Translated by Ahmadi. Tehran. Andishe Publications.
[17] Hyde, Zh. 2001. Women Psychology. Translated by Rahmati. Tehran, Nourbakhsh Publications.
[18] Jeger, A. 1996. Four considerations from feminism. Translated by Akhtari, Journal of Women, 28.
[19] Kar, M. 1999. Women in Iran’s Market. Tehran. Center of women studies.
[20] Kadivar, J. 1999. Woman. Tehran. Etela’at Publications.
[21] Karimi, Y. 2005. Social Psychology. Tehran, Arasbaran Publications.
[22] Kiely E., Leane M. 2014. “Pre-baby boom women's attitudes and responses to second wave feminism in Ireland.” Women's Studies International Forum, 44, 172–183.
[23] Kamali, A. 2001. Women’s participation in development. Tehran, University of Tehran.
[24] Kohen, B. 2004. An Introduction on Socialization. Translated by Salasi. Tehran, Tootia Publications.
[25] Krous, L. 1999. Fundamental theories of socialization. Tehran.
[26] Mohseni, M. 1991. Socialization Preliminaries. Tehran, Diba Publications.
[27] Mohammadi Asl, A. 2001. Gender and Participation. Tehran. Roshangaran Publications.
[28] Oaks L. 2003. “Antiabortion positions and young women's life plans in contemporary Ireland.” Social Science & Medicine, 56: 1973–1986.
[29] Paydar, F. 2005. Analyzing the role of gender and location in achieving positions. M.A. Thesis. Tarbiat Moderres University. Tehran.
[30] Pirahari, Nayyereh. 2004. Women’s employment and national development. Babolsar: faculty of leeters and humanities.
[31] Sabzi, Kh. 1998. Women’s socialization. Tehran. Tebyan Publications.
[32] Saei, A. 2002. Statistical analysis in social sciences. Kian Mehr Publications.
[33] Saroukhani, B. 1991. Social science encyclopedia. Tehran.
[34] Seyyedan, F. 2001. Stereotypical trends about women.
[35] Shadloo, Sh. 2001. The role of culture in balancing gender trends in social life. Conference on Women Empowerment. Tehran.
[36] Shaditalab, G. 2002. Development and challenges of Iranian women. Tehran, Center of women participations.