Small Firm Owner Characteristics and Primary Employment
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Our objective in this study is to examine the relation between small business owners’ characteristics and their tendency of having their business as their “primary employment”. In order to achieve that objective, we compare owner characteristics in high “primary employment” U.S. states versus in low “primary employment” states. We use the “United States Small Business Friendliness Survey” done by Kauffman Foundation and Thumptack.com in 2013. Our nonparametric tests show that in the states where relatively high percentage of owners have their business as “primary employment” (i.e. “high primary employment states”), owners run their business in a more professional way (i.e. relatively more owners hire managers to run their business). We also find that, in these states, owners have significantly more previous startup experience. In addition, we find that, in these states, there are fewer “Caucasian” owners and significantly more owners from other races. On the other hand, our findings show that there is no significant difference between owner’s gender, age, political view, and education across high and low primary employment states. We advise policymakers to use these findings when formulating policies that support entrepreneurship.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors shall transfer the copyright to the publisher. If the submitted manuscript is not accepted for printing by the journal, the authors shall retain all their rights. The following rights on the manuscript are transferred to the publisher, including any supplementary materials and any parts, extracts or elements of the manuscript:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to print prepublications, reprints and special editions of the manuscript;
- the right to translate the manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these copies;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript electronically or optically using and all data carriers or storage media, and especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini Disc, data tapes, and the right to reproduce and distribute the article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the manuscript in databases, including online databases, as well as the right to transmit the manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the Internet, online service, or via internal or external networks.
Authors reserve the copyright to published articles and have the right to use the article in the same manner like third parties in accordance with the licence Attribution-Non-Commercial-Non-Derivate 4.0 International (CC BY NC ND). Thereby they must quote the basic bibliographic data of the source article published in the journal (authors, article title, journal title, volume, pagination).
References
[2] Block, Jörn H., and Andreas Landgraf. 2016. "Transition from part-time entrepreneurship to full-time entrepreneurship: the role of financial and non-financial motives." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12(1): 259-282.
[3] Cagetti, Marco, and Mariacristina De Nardi. 2006. "Entrepreneurship, frictions, and wealth." Journal of political Economy, 114(5): 835-870.
[4] Folta, Timothy B., Frédéric Delmar, and Karl Wennberg. 2010. "Hybrid entrepreneurship." Management Science, 56(2): 253-269.
[5] Giacomin, Olivier, Frank Janssen, Jean-luc Guyot, and Olivier Lohest. 2011. "Opportunity and/or necessity entrepreneurship? The impact of the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs."
[6] Heimonen, Tomi. 2013. "Entrepreneurship in Golden Years-Creative Opportunity or Not?." China-USA Business Review, 12(1).
[7] Kerr, William, and Ramana Nanda. 2009. Financing constraints and entrepreneurship. No. w15498. National Bureau of Economic Research.
[8] Kourilsky, Marilyn L., and William B. Walstad. 2002. "The early environment and schooling experiences of high-technology entrepreneurs: Insights for entrepreneurship education." International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1(1): 1-20.
[9] Okpara, Friday O. 2007. "The value of creativity and innovation in entrepreneurship." Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 3(2): 1.
[10] Rangarajan, R., and R. Lakshmi. 2013. "Creativity and Innovation in Entrepreneurship-A Brief Assessment." Sumedha Journal of Management, 2(4): 55.
[11] Rantamaki-Lahtinen, L., and Hilkka Vihinen. 2004. "The role of equine industries in Finnish rural development–rural entrepreneurship and policy perspectives." Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists: Horse Management—Premises and Landscape (Seminar 367).
[12] Shah, Sonali K., and Mary Tripsas. 2007. "The accidental entrepreneur: The emergent and collective process of user entrepreneurship." Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1‐2): 123-140.
[13] Tambunan, Tulus. 2009. "Women entrepreneurship in Asian developing countries: Their development and main constraints." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 1(2): 027-040.
[14] Van der Merwe, Stéphan P., and Mampoi Lebakeng. 2010. "An empirical investigation of women entrepreneurship in Lesotho." African International Business and Management Conference, Nairobi, Kenya.
[15] Warnick, Benjamin J. 2016. Passion for product, process, or both? Expanding our conception of passion in entrepreneurship. Diss. INDIANA UNIVERSITY.
[16] Williams, Colin C. 2007. "The nature of entrepreneurship in the informal sector: evidence from England." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12(02): 239-254.
[17] Williams, Colin C., and Sara J. Nadin. 2012. "Tackling entrepreneurship in the informal economy: evaluating the policy options." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 1(2): 111-124.
[18] Williams, Colin C., and John Round. 2007. "Entrepreneurship and the informal economy: a study of Ukraine's hidden enterprise culture." Journal of developmental entrepreneurship, 12(01): 119-136.