Public Support and Inter-firm Collaborations in Women-Owned Firms
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Sep 25, 2017
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Abstract
This study goes beyond the descriptive analyses of women entrepreneur’s networks, and advances the idea of interdependency between the different types of relationships they build. It emphasizes that developing ties with support institutions can reinforce and legitimate them in the interactions with peers organisations. The results of the research on a sample of Spanish women-owned business reveal that as the level of support obtained through the relationships with public entities increases, the average social interaction with clients and collaborators and the quality of relationships with collaborators increases. Further, we suggest that purposeful management of inter-organisational relationships can represent a valid instrument for overcoming lack of legitimacy and gender barriers.
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References
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[28] Nilsson, Pernilla. 1997. “Business Counselling Services Directed towards Female Entrepreneurs-Some Legitimacy Dilemmas.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 9: 239-258.
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[30] Podolny, Joel. M. 1994. “Market Uncertainty and the Social Character of Economic Exchange.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 458–483.
[31] Podolny, Joel. M. 1993. “A Status-Based Model of Market Competition.” American Journal of Sociology, 98: 829–872.
[32] Powell, Walter W. 1990. “Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization.” Research in Organizational Behaviour, 12: 295–336.
[33] Provan, Keith G., and H. Brinton Milward. 2001. “Do networks really work? A framework for evaluating public-sector organizational networks.” Public Administration Review, 61: 414-424.
[34] Ring, Peter Smith, and Andrew. H. Van de Ven. 1994. “Developmental Processes of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships.” Academy of Management Review, 19: 90-118.
[35] Rosa, Peter, Carter, Sara, and Daphne Hamilton. 1996. “Gender as a Determinant of Small Business Performance: Insights from a British Study.” Small Business Economics, 8: 463–478.
[36] Sorenson, Ritch. L., Folker, Cathleen. A., and Keith H. Brigham. 2008. “The Collaborative Network Orientation: Achieving Business Success through Collaborative Relationships.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, July: 615-634.
[37] Stuart, Toby E., Hoang, Ha and Ralph C. Hybels. 1999. “Interorganizational Endorsements and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Ventures.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 315–349.
[38] Uzzi, Brian. 1997. “Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1): 35-67.
[39] Yli-Renko, Helena, Autio, Erkko, and Harry. J. Sapienza. 2001. “Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-based Firms.” Strategic Management Journal, 22: 587-613.
[2] Baum, Joel. A. C., and Christine Oliver. 1991. “Institutional Linkages and Organizational Mortality.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 187-219.
[3] Becker-Blease, John R., and Jeffrey E. Sohl. 2007. “Do Women-Owned Business Have Equal Access to Angel Capital?” Journal of Business Venturing, 22: 503-521.
[4] Birley, Sue. 1985. “The Role of Networks in the Entrepreneurial Process.” Journal of Business Venturing, 1: 107-118.
[5] Branzei, Oana, and Ilan Vertinsky. 2006. “Strategic Pathways to Product Innovation Capabilities in SMEs.” Journal of Business Venturing, 21: 75-105.
[6] Brass, Daniel J., Galaskiewicz, Joseph , Greve, Henrich R., and Wenpin Tsai. 2004. “Taking Stock of Networks and Organizations: A Multilevel Perspective.” Academy of Management Journal, 47: 795-817.
[7] Bruin, Anne, Brush, Candida G., and Friederike Welter. 2007. “Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on Women´s Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31: 323-339.
[8] Carter, Sara, Anderson, Susan, and Eleanor Shaw. 2001. Women´s Business Ownership: A Review of the Academic, Popular and Internet Literature, in Annual Review of Progress in Entrepreneurship. Brussels: Ed. D. Watkins. European Foundation for Management Development.
[9] Chakravarthy, Balaji S. 1986. “Measuring Strategic Performance.” Strategic Management Journal, 7: 437-458.
[10] Cromie, Stan, and Sue Birley. 1992. “Networking by Female Business Owners in Northern Ireland.” Journal of Business Venturing, 7: 237-251.
[11] Dyer, Jeffrey H., and Harbir Singh. 1998. “The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage.” Academy of Management Review, 23: 660– 679.
[12] Greene, Patricia, Brush, Candida, Hart, Myra M., and Patrick Saparito. 1999. “Exploration of the Venture Capital Industry: Is Gender an issue?” Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College. Available at: www.babson.edu/entrep/fer.
[13] Gulati, Ranjay. 1995. “Social Structure and Alliance Formation Patterns: A Longitudinal Analysis." Administrative Science Quarterly 40(4): 619-652.
[14] Gulati, Ranjay, Nohria, Nitin, and Akbar Zaheer. 2000. “Strategic networks.” Strategic Management Journal, 21: 203–215.
[15] Gulati, Ranjay, and James D. Westphal. 1999. “Cooperative or Controlling? The Effects of CEO–Board Relations and the Content of Interlocks on the Formation of Joint Ventures.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 82– 111.
[16] Hair, Joseph F., Black, Bill, Babin, Barry, Anderson, Rolph E., and Ronald L. Tatham. 2008. Analisis multivariante. Madrid: Prentice Hall Iberia.
[17] Harrison, Richard T., and Colin M. Mason. 2007. “Does Gender Matter? Women Business Angels and the Supply of Entrepreneurial Finance.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31: 445-475.
[18] Hoang, Ha, and Bostjan Antoncic. 2003. “Network-Based Research in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review.” Journal of Business Venturing, 18: 165– 187.
[19] Inkpen, Andrew C., and Eric W.K. Tsang. 2005. “Social Capital, Networks, and Knowledge Transfer.” Academy of Management Review, 30: 146-165.
[20] Keister, Lisa A. 2001. “Exchange Structures in Transition: Lending and Trade Relations in Chinese Business Groups.” American Sociological Review, 66: 336–360.
[21] Larson, Andrea. 1992. “Network Dyads in Entrepreneurial Settings: A Study of the Governance of Exchange Relationships.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 37: 76-104.
[22] Lee, Choonwoo., Lee, Kyungmook, and Johannes M. Pennings. 2001. “Internal Capabilities, External Networks, and Performance: A Study on Technology-Based Ventures.” Strategic Management Journal, 22: 615-640.
[23] Lewis, Patricia. 2006. “The Quest for Invisibility: Female Entrepreneurs and the Masculine Norm of Entrepreneurship.” Gender, Work and Organization, 13: 543-468.
[24] Marlow, Susan, and Dean Patton. 2005. “All Credit to Men? Entrepreneurship, Finance and Gender.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29: 717–735.
[25] McEvily, Bill, and Akbar Zaheer. 1999. “Bridging Ties: A Source of Firm Heterogeneity in Competitive Capabilities.” Strategic Management Journal, 20: 1133–1156.
[26] Mirchandani, Kiran. 1999. “Feminist Insight on Gendered Work: New Directions in Research on Women and Entrepreneurship.” Gender, Work and Organization, 6:224-235.
[27] Nahapiet, Janine, and Sumantra Ghoshal. 1998. Social Capital, Intellectual Capital and the Organizational Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23: 242-266.
[28] Nilsson, Pernilla. 1997. “Business Counselling Services Directed towards Female Entrepreneurs-Some Legitimacy Dilemmas.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 9: 239-258.
[29] Ozgen, Eren, and Robert A. Baron. 2007. “Social Sources of Information in opportunity Recognition: Effects of Mentors, Industry Networks, and Professional Forums.” Journal of Business Venturing, 22: 174-192.
[30] Podolny, Joel. M. 1994. “Market Uncertainty and the Social Character of Economic Exchange.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 39: 458–483.
[31] Podolny, Joel. M. 1993. “A Status-Based Model of Market Competition.” American Journal of Sociology, 98: 829–872.
[32] Powell, Walter W. 1990. “Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization.” Research in Organizational Behaviour, 12: 295–336.
[33] Provan, Keith G., and H. Brinton Milward. 2001. “Do networks really work? A framework for evaluating public-sector organizational networks.” Public Administration Review, 61: 414-424.
[34] Ring, Peter Smith, and Andrew. H. Van de Ven. 1994. “Developmental Processes of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships.” Academy of Management Review, 19: 90-118.
[35] Rosa, Peter, Carter, Sara, and Daphne Hamilton. 1996. “Gender as a Determinant of Small Business Performance: Insights from a British Study.” Small Business Economics, 8: 463–478.
[36] Sorenson, Ritch. L., Folker, Cathleen. A., and Keith H. Brigham. 2008. “The Collaborative Network Orientation: Achieving Business Success through Collaborative Relationships.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, July: 615-634.
[37] Stuart, Toby E., Hoang, Ha and Ralph C. Hybels. 1999. “Interorganizational Endorsements and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Ventures.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 44: 315–349.
[38] Uzzi, Brian. 1997. “Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1): 35-67.
[39] Yli-Renko, Helena, Autio, Erkko, and Harry. J. Sapienza. 2001. “Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition and Knowledge Exploitation in Young Technology-based Firms.” Strategic Management Journal, 22: 587-613.