Female Entrepreneurship Theory: A Multidisciplinary Review of Resources
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Sep 26, 2017
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Abstract
The author, a legal scholar, reviews academic literature regarding and otherwise relevant to the study of female entrepreneurship from across multiple disciplines. She reports that the legal academy has only minimally engaged in entrepreneurship scholarship and not at all as to female entrepreneurship. Author reviews the origins of female entrepreneurship literature and the compilations describing the emergence of female entrepreneurship as a business and social phenomenon, the women who undertook and led these endeavors, and changes in the characteristics of women entrepreneurs over time. She also presents materials in topical sections on business structure, strategy, and performance; culture, sex, and gender; diversity; economic and social development; essentialization and masculine norms; finance; identity issues; innovation and technology; motivation; personal and professional domains; psychology; social capital; and standpoint theory. Author points out the needs for a unified definitional taxonomy for entrepreneurship; for greater study of innovation-driven female entrepreneurship; for the legal academy to enter the field of entrepreneurship study, including as to female entrepreneurship; and for entrepreneurship scholars to approach their work with interdisciplinarity.
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References
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[21] Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Women and Angel Investing: An Untapped Pool of Equity for Entrepreneurs Insight and Recommendations from Leading Women Angels (Apr. 2006),.
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[23] Fay, Michael & Williams, Leslie, Gender Bias and the Availability of Business Loans, 8 J. Bus. Venturing 363-77 (1993).
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[31] Hughes, Karen D., Female Enterprise in the New Economy (2005).
[32] Hughes, Marija Matich, The Sexual Barrier – Legal, Medical, Economic and Social Aspects of Sex Discrimination (rev. ed., 1977).
[33] Johnson, Lynne d, et al., The Most Influential Women in Technology, Fast Company (Feb. 2009).
[34] Karnani, Aneel, Do Women Benefit from Microcredit, in The Perspective of Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Age of Globalization (Mirjana Radović Marković, ed., 2007).
[35] Kelley, Tom & Littman, Jonathan, The Art of Innovation: Lessons in Creativity from IDEO, America’s Leading Design Firm (2001).
[36] Lamolla y Kristiansen, Laura, Emprender en Femenino: La Evolucion de las Políticas Económicas Locales para Emprendedoras en Cataluña (To Undertake in Feminine: The Evolution of the Local Economic Policies for Entrepreneurship in Catalonia) (doctoral thesis on file with Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona) (2005).
[37] Lois P. Frankel, See Jane Lead: 99 Ways for Women to Take Charge at Work (2006).
[38] Low, Murray B. & MacMillan, Ian C., Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future Challenges, 14 J. Mgmt. 139-61 (1998).
[39] Magner, Lois N., et al., Are XYY Males More Prone to Aggressive Behavior Than XY Males?, 1 Sci. in Dispute (2002),.
[40] Minniti, Maria, et al., Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2004 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship (May 27, 2005),.
[41] Mirjana Radović Marković, The Change of Women’s Roles Through the Centuries: Confrontation of Tradition with New Challenges, in The Perspective of Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Age of Globalization 3-13 (Mirjana Radović Marković, ed., 2007).
[42] Moore, Dorothy Perrin, Female Entrepreneurs: New Methodologies and Research Directions in the 1990s, in 38 R. Methodology Conf. Proc. 1-44 (1988) (Mount Saint Vincent University).
[43] Moore, Dorothy Perrin, First and Second Generation Female Entrepreneurs – Identifying the Needs and Differences, S. Mgmt. Ass’n Proc. (D. F. Ray, ed., 1987).
[44] Moore, Dorothy Perrin, South Carolina Development Board, Identifying the Needs of Women Entrepreneurs in South Carolina, Technical Rep’t No. 2 (1987).
[45] Murphy, Anne, The Start-up of the ‘90s, 14 Inc. 32-40 (1992).
[46] Namnyak, M., et al., 117 Stockholm Syndrome: Psychiatric Diagnosis or Urban Myth? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 4-1 (2008),.
[47] NPR Chief Executives Quits Over Hidden Camera Interview, Wash. Times (Mar. 9, 2011),
[48] Pelligrino, Eric T. & Reese, Barry L., Perceived Formative and Operational Problems Encountered by Female Entrepreneurs in Retail and Service Firms, 20 J. Small Bus. Mgmt. 15-24 (1982).
[49] Peters, Tom, The Circle of Innovation: You Can’t Shrink your Way to Greatness (1997).
[50] Picchio, Antonella, A Macroeconomic Approach to an Extended Standard of Living, in Unpaid Work and the Economy: A Gender Analysis of The Standards of Living 11-28 (Antonella Picchio, ed. 2003).
[51] Picchio, Antonella, Introduction, in Unpaid Work and the Economy: A Gender Analysis of The Standards of Living 1-10 (Antonella Picchio, ed. 2003).
[52] Posner, Richard A., The Decline of Law as an Autonomous Discipline: 1962-1987, 100 Harv. L. Rev. 761 (1987).
[53] Robertson, Wyndham, The Ten Highest-ranking Women in Big Business, Fortune, Apr. 1973, at 80-89.
[54] Say, Jean-Baptiste, A Treatise on Political Economy; or the Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth 78 (C.R Princep & Clement C. Biddle trans.) (6th ed. 1848).
[55] Sessa, Valerie I. & Campbell, Richard J., Center for Creative Leadership, Selection at the Top: An Annotated Bibliography, Rep’t No. 333 (1997),.
[56] Shirk, Martha & Wadia, Ann S., Kitchen Table Entrepreneurs: How Eleven Women Escaped Poverty and Became Their Own Bosses (2002).
[57] Spotted Eagle Enterprises Ready to Provide, Lakota Country Times (June 26, 2008),.
[58] Starcher, Diane Chamberlin, Women Entrepreneurs: Catalysts for Transformation (rev. ed. 2008), European Baha’i Business Forum,.
[59] The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citations (Harvard L. Review, et al., 18th ed., 2005).
[60] The World’s 50 Most Innovative Companies, Fast Company 56-97 (Mar. 2009).
[61] Thompson, William, Appeal of One Half of the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery (1970) (1825).
[62] U.S. Small Business Administratoin, 8(a) Business Development,.
[63] Valencia, Maika, Past Female Entrepreneurship with the Stress on the Future in New Economy Globalization, in The Perspective of Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Age of Globalization 13-25 (Mirjana Radović Marković, ed., 2007).
[64] Vesper, Karl H., Introduction and Summary of Entrepreneurship Research, in Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (Calvin A. Kent, et al., eds. 1982).
[65] Women and Business Ownership: A Bibliography (Marcia LaSota, ed., 1986).
[66] Women in Technology International, WITI and IDC’s Survey Results Reveal Women Are Early Adopters, Mobile, Style Conscious (May 5, 2005),.
[67] Wood, Julia T., Gendered Lives: Communications, Gender, and Culture (5th ed., 2002).
[68] Zuckerman, Harriet & Cole, Jonathan R., Women in American Science, 13 Minerva 82-105 (Spring 1975).
[2] Achen, Alexandra C. & Stafford, Frank P., Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Data Quality of Housework Hours in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Who Really Does the Dishes?, Panel Study of Income Dynamics Tech. Paper Series No. 05-04 (Sept. 2005),
[3] Addaboo, Tindara, Unpaid Work by Gender in Italy, in Unpaid Work and the Economy: A Gender Analysis of The Standards of Living (Antonella Picchio, ed. 2003).
[4] Allen, I. Elaine, et al., Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2007 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship (May 1, 2008),
[5] Boserup, Ester, Women’s Role in Economic Development (1970).
[6] Bowne, Donald D. & Hisrich, Robert D., The Female Entrepreneur: A Career Development Perspective, 1 Acad. Mgmt. Rev. 393-407 (1986).
[7] Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 130, 2 L. Ed. 442 (1873).
[8] Briles, Judith, GenderTraps: Conquering Confrontophobia, Toxic Bosses, & Other Landmines at Work (1996).
[9] Brush, Candida G. & Bird, Barbara J., Leadership Vision of Successful Women Entrepreneurs: Dimensions and Characteristics, Frontiers Entrepreneurship Res. (Paul D. Reynolds, et al., eds., 1996).
[10] Buttner, E. Holly & Moore, Dorothy Perrin, Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Beyond the Glass Ceiling (1997).
[11] Buttner, E. Holly & Rosen, Benson, The Influence of Entrepreneur’s Gender and Type of Business on Decisions to Provide Venture Capital, in S. Mgmt. Ass’n Proc. (D. F. Ray, ed., 1988).
[12] Carter, Sara, et al., Department of Marketing, University of Strathclyde, Women Business Ownership: A Review of the Academic, Popular, and Internet Literature: Report to the Small Business Service (Aug. 2001),
[13] Catley, Suzanne & Hamilton, Robert T., Small Business Development and Gender of Owner, 17 J. Mgmt. Dev. 75-82 (1998).
[14] Cheng, Athena S., Comment, Affirmative Action for the Female Entrepreneur: Gender as a Presumed Socially Disadvantaged Group for 8(a) Program Purposes, 10 Am. U. J. Gender, Social Pol’y & Law 185 (2001).
[15] Coleman, Susan, Access to Capital: A Comparison of Men[-] and Women-Owned Small Businesses, Frontiers Entrepreneurship Res. (1998).
[16] Constantin, James A. & McClung, Jacquetta J., Nonacademic Literature on Entrepreneurship: An Evaluation, in Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (Calvin A. Kent, et al. eds. 1982).
[17] DeMartino, Richard & Barbato, Robert, Differences Between Women and Men MBA Entrepreneurs: Exploring Family Flexibility and Wealth Creation as Career Motivators, 18 J. Bus. Venturing 815-32 (2003),
[18] Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry Committee on Industry and Business Environment, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Issues Related to Statistics on Women’s Entrepreneurship Workshop on Firm-level Statistics - Annex, Rep. No. DSTI/EAS/IND/SWP/AH(2001)11 (Nov. 6, 2001).
[19] Dorrance, Rose, Women Are Today’s Best Management Bargain, 22 Manage 40-44 (Sept. 1970).
[20] Drucker, Peter F., Innovation and Entrepreneurship (1993) (1985).
[21] Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Women and Angel Investing: An Untapped Pool of Equity for Entrepreneurs Insight and Recommendations from Leading Women Angels (Apr. 2006),
[22] Fagenson, Ellen A., Personal Value Systems of Men and Women Entrepreneurs Versus Managers, 8 J. Bus. Venturing 409-30 (1993).
[23] Fay, Michael & Williams, Leslie, Gender Bias and the Availability of Business Loans, 8 J. Bus. Venturing 363-77 (1993).
[24] Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference,
[25] Graham, Dee. L. R., et al., Loving to Survive: Sexual Terror, Men’s Violence, and Women’s Lives (1994).
[26] Greene, Patricia, et al., Exploration of the Venture Capital Industry: Is Gender an Issue?, Frontiers Entrepreneurship Res. (1999).
[27] Gregg, Gail, Women Entrepreneurs: The Second Generation, 22 Across the Board 10-18 (1985).
[28] Harrison, Richard & Mason, Colin, Does Gender Matter? Women Business Angels and the Supply of Entrepreneurial Finance, 31 Entrepreneurship Theory & Prac. 445-72 (2007).
[29] Hisrich, Robert D., et al., Performance in Entrepreneurial Ventures: Does Gender Matter?, Frontiers Entrepreneurship Res. (Paul D. Reynolds, et al., eds., 1997).
[30] Hughes Compendium Gets Praise from Educators, Activists, Women Today 6 (1978).
[31] Hughes, Karen D., Female Enterprise in the New Economy (2005).
[32] Hughes, Marija Matich, The Sexual Barrier – Legal, Medical, Economic and Social Aspects of Sex Discrimination (rev. ed., 1977).
[33] Johnson, Lynne d, et al., The Most Influential Women in Technology, Fast Company (Feb. 2009).
[34] Karnani, Aneel, Do Women Benefit from Microcredit, in The Perspective of Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Age of Globalization (Mirjana Radović Marković, ed., 2007).
[35] Kelley, Tom & Littman, Jonathan, The Art of Innovation: Lessons in Creativity from IDEO, America’s Leading Design Firm (2001).
[36] Lamolla y Kristiansen, Laura, Emprender en Femenino: La Evolucion de las Políticas Económicas Locales para Emprendedoras en Cataluña (To Undertake in Feminine: The Evolution of the Local Economic Policies for Entrepreneurship in Catalonia) (doctoral thesis on file with Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona) (2005).
[37] Lois P. Frankel, See Jane Lead: 99 Ways for Women to Take Charge at Work (2006).
[38] Low, Murray B. & MacMillan, Ian C., Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future Challenges, 14 J. Mgmt. 139-61 (1998).
[39] Magner, Lois N., et al., Are XYY Males More Prone to Aggressive Behavior Than XY Males?, 1 Sci. in Dispute (2002),
[40] Minniti, Maria, et al., Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2004 Report on Women and Entrepreneurship (May 27, 2005),
[41] Mirjana Radović Marković, The Change of Women’s Roles Through the Centuries: Confrontation of Tradition with New Challenges, in The Perspective of Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Age of Globalization 3-13 (Mirjana Radović Marković, ed., 2007).
[42] Moore, Dorothy Perrin, Female Entrepreneurs: New Methodologies and Research Directions in the 1990s, in 38 R. Methodology Conf. Proc. 1-44 (1988) (Mount Saint Vincent University).
[43] Moore, Dorothy Perrin, First and Second Generation Female Entrepreneurs – Identifying the Needs and Differences, S. Mgmt. Ass’n Proc. (D. F. Ray, ed., 1987).
[44] Moore, Dorothy Perrin, South Carolina Development Board, Identifying the Needs of Women Entrepreneurs in South Carolina, Technical Rep’t No. 2 (1987).
[45] Murphy, Anne, The Start-up of the ‘90s, 14 Inc. 32-40 (1992).
[46] Namnyak, M., et al., 117 Stockholm Syndrome: Psychiatric Diagnosis or Urban Myth? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 4-1 (2008),
[47] NPR Chief Executives Quits Over Hidden Camera Interview, Wash. Times (Mar. 9, 2011),
[48] Pelligrino, Eric T. & Reese, Barry L., Perceived Formative and Operational Problems Encountered by Female Entrepreneurs in Retail and Service Firms, 20 J. Small Bus. Mgmt. 15-24 (1982).
[49] Peters, Tom, The Circle of Innovation: You Can’t Shrink your Way to Greatness (1997).
[50] Picchio, Antonella, A Macroeconomic Approach to an Extended Standard of Living, in Unpaid Work and the Economy: A Gender Analysis of The Standards of Living 11-28 (Antonella Picchio, ed. 2003).
[51] Picchio, Antonella, Introduction, in Unpaid Work and the Economy: A Gender Analysis of The Standards of Living 1-10 (Antonella Picchio, ed. 2003).
[52] Posner, Richard A., The Decline of Law as an Autonomous Discipline: 1962-1987, 100 Harv. L. Rev. 761 (1987).
[53] Robertson, Wyndham, The Ten Highest-ranking Women in Big Business, Fortune, Apr. 1973, at 80-89.
[54] Say, Jean-Baptiste, A Treatise on Political Economy; or the Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth 78 (C.R Princep & Clement C. Biddle trans.) (6th ed. 1848).
[55] Sessa, Valerie I. & Campbell, Richard J., Center for Creative Leadership, Selection at the Top: An Annotated Bibliography, Rep’t No. 333 (1997),
[56] Shirk, Martha & Wadia, Ann S., Kitchen Table Entrepreneurs: How Eleven Women Escaped Poverty and Became Their Own Bosses (2002).
[57] Spotted Eagle Enterprises Ready to Provide, Lakota Country Times (June 26, 2008),
[58] Starcher, Diane Chamberlin, Women Entrepreneurs: Catalysts for Transformation (rev. ed. 2008), European Baha’i Business Forum,
[59] The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citations (Harvard L. Review, et al., 18th ed., 2005).
[60] The World’s 50 Most Innovative Companies, Fast Company 56-97 (Mar. 2009).
[61] Thompson, William, Appeal of One Half of the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery (1970) (1825).
[62] U.S. Small Business Administratoin, 8(a) Business Development,
[63] Valencia, Maika, Past Female Entrepreneurship with the Stress on the Future in New Economy Globalization, in The Perspective of Women’s Entrepreneurship in the Age of Globalization 13-25 (Mirjana Radović Marković, ed., 2007).
[64] Vesper, Karl H., Introduction and Summary of Entrepreneurship Research, in Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (Calvin A. Kent, et al., eds. 1982).
[65] Women and Business Ownership: A Bibliography (Marcia LaSota, ed., 1986).
[66] Women in Technology International, WITI and IDC’s Survey Results Reveal Women Are Early Adopters, Mobile, Style Conscious (May 5, 2005),
[67] Wood, Julia T., Gendered Lives: Communications, Gender, and Culture (5th ed., 2002).
[68] Zuckerman, Harriet & Cole, Jonathan R., Women in American Science, 13 Minerva 82-105 (Spring 1975).