Tanzanian Education and Entrepreneurial Influence among Females
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Sep 27, 2017
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Abstract
Several approaches have been proposed by researchers to the economic empowerment of women. Starting and sustaining an individual business is one of the strategies for the economic development of entrepreneurially-oriented females. This study evaluated the factors influencing entrepreneurial activities; there was a further ingoing examination of the impact of education on Tanzanian females starting-up their own businesses. A total of 128 business women from Makambako and Njombe participated in the study, which primarily employed a questionnaire for data collection. Findings indicated that the government policy, strategies and support for female entrepreneurs had little or no impact on their entrepreneurial motivation. In addition, the level of formal education that women attained was found to have little impact. It was found, however, that the kind of training a female entrepreneur underwent was the most important factor in the business start-up. Thus, this study proposes that more effort should be put into practical and vocational training that has a direct impact on the kind of business that women can establish.
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References
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[32] Mehralizadeh, Y. and Sajady, S. H. (2006) “A Study of The Factors Related to Successful and Failure Entrepreneurs of Small Industrial Business with Emphasis on their Level of Education and Training”Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=902045.
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[36] REDET (2008) “Empowering Grassroots Cooperatives in Tanzania.” Availableathttp://www.redet.udsm.ac.tz/documents_storage/2008-3-28-10-14-17_%20kamataempowering%20grassroots%20cooperatives%20in 20 kamataempowering%20grassroots%20cooperatives%20in%20tanzania.pdfAssessed on 12/07/2011.
[37] Reynolds, P.D., Bygrave, W.D., Autio, E., Cox, L.W. and Hay, M. (2002)“Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - 2002 Executive Report,” Babson College, Wellesley, MA.
[38] Rose, R. C., Kumar, N. and Yen, L. L. (2006) “The Dynamics of Entrepreneurs’ Success Factors in Influencing Venture Growth.” The Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 2(2).
[39] Schwartz, E. (1976) “Entrepreneurship: A New Female Frontier” Journal of Contemporary Business. 5(1) 47 – 76.
[40] Scott, C. E. (1986) “Why More Women Are Becoming Entrepreneurs” Journal of Small Business management.24 (4) 37-44.
[41] Sinha, T. N. (1996) “Human Factors in Entrepreneurship Effectiveness.”The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 23-39.
[42] Snyder, M. (2000) “Women in Africa economies: from the scorching sun to the boardroom.” Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
[43] Swinney, J. and Runyan, R. (2007) “Native American Entrepreneur and Strategic Choice” The Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 2(3).
[44] Thapa, A. (2007) “Micro-enterprises and Household Income” The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies, 4(1):110-118; 5(1): 110-118.
[45] Thapa, A., Thulaseedharan, A., Goswami, A., and Joshi, L. P. (2008) “Determinants of Street Entrepreneurial Success” Journal of Nepalese Business Studies. 1: 85-92.
[46] Verheul, I, Thurik, R., Hessels, J. and van der Zwan, P. (2010)“Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Engagement of Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurs,”Scientific Analysis of Entrepreneurship and SMEs, EIM Research Reports, H201011, March 2010, 1-24.
[2] Bhola, R., Verheul, I., Grilo, I. andThurik, A.R. (2006) “Explaining engagement levels of Opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs,” EIM Business and Policy Research., Zoetermeer.
[3] Brush, C., Carter, N. M., Gatewood, E. J., Green, P. D., and Hart, M. M. (2006) “Growth Oriented Women Entrepreneurs and their Businesses” Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
[4] Brush, C. G., Bruin, A., Gatewood, E. J., Henry, C. (2010) “Women Entrepreneurs and the Global Environment for Growth” Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.
[5] Coleman, S. (2007) “The Role of Human and Financial Capital in the Profitability and Growth of women-Owned Firms”. Journal of Small Business Management, 45(3) 303-319.
[6] Cooper, A. C. (1971) “The Founding of Technologically-based Firms”. Milwaukee, Wis: The Center for Venture Management. 68p.
[7] Cooper, A.C. (1985) “The Role of Incubator Organizations in Funding of Growth Oriented Firms” Journal of Business Venturing, 1(1).
[8] Cromie, Stanley (1987) “Similarities and Differences between Women and Men who Choose Business Proprietorship.” International Small Business Journal, 5(3):43-60.
[9] Charney, A., and Libecap, G. D. (2000) “Impact of Entrepreneurship Education” Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.
[10] Commission to the Council (2004) “Action Plan: the European Agenda for Entrepreneurship” The European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, Belgium.
[11] de Bruin, A., Brush, C.G. and Welter, F. (2006) “Introduction to the Special Issue: Towards Building Cumulative Knowledge on Women's Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5) 585-594.
[12] de Wit, Gerrit and Frans van Winden (1989) “An Empirical Analysis of Self-Employment in the Netherlands.” Small Business Economics, 1:263-272.
[13] Gibb, A. (1993) “The Enterprise Culture and Education: Understanding Enterprise Education and its Links with Small Business, Entrepreneurship and Wider Education Goals” International Small Business Journal. 11(3) 11-24.
[14] Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) (2004) “Women and Entrepreneurship.” Center for Women’s Leadership. Babson College. MA, USA.
[15] Hisrich, R., and Brush, C. (1986) “The Women Entrepreneurs: Starting, Financing and Managing New Business” Lexington, USA: Lexington Books.
[16] Hisrich, R. D. (1990) “Entrepreneurship/Intrapreneurship.” American Psychologist, 45 (2), 209-222.
[17] Indarti, N. and Langenberg, M. (2004) “Factors Affecting Business Success Among SMEs: Empirical Evidences from Indonesia.” (Retrieved July28,2008;from www.utwente.nl/nikos/archief/research/conferences/esu/ indartilangenberg papers/.pdf)
[18] Kamal, N., Wojoud, R. M. and Rana, N. (2009) “Factors that Affect Women Entrepreneurs: Evidence from An Emerging Economy”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 17(3)225 - 247.
[19] Kaplan, E. (1988) “Women Entrepreneurs: Constructing a Framework to Examine Venture Success and Business Failures.” In: B.A. Kirchoff et al, (eds.). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 625-637.
[20] Kirkwood, J. (2009) “Motivational Factors in a Push-Pull Theory of Entrepreneurship”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(5): 346-364.
[21] Kirk, J. and Belovic, R. (2006) “Counseling wouldbe Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Employment Counselling, 43(2): 50-61.
[22] Krueger, N. (1993) “The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5-21.
[23] Kuzilwa, J. A. (2005). "The Role of Credit for Small Business Success: A Study of the National Entrepreneurship Development Fund in Tanzania." Journal of Entrepreneurship 14(2): 131-161.
[24] Kolvereid, L. (1996) “Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions.”Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall, 47-57.
[25] Langowitz, N. and Minniti, M. (2007) “The Entrepreneurial Propensity of Women” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3): 341 – 360.
[26] Lee, M. S. and Rogoff, E. G. (1997) “Do Women Business Owners Require Special Training? An Empirical Comparison of Men and Women Business Owners in The United States” Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. 14(1): 4-29.
[27] Lussiers, R. N. and Pfeifer, S. (2001) “a Cross – national Prediction Model for Business Success.” Journal of small Business Management, 30(3), 228 – 239.
[28] Mazzarol, T., Volery, T., Doss, N., and Thein, V. (1999) “Factors influencing small business start-ups.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 5(2), 48-63.
[29] Minniti, M. (2003) “Women Entrepreneurship” The Entrepreneurial Advantage of Nations: First Annual Global Entrepreneurship Symposium. United Nations Headquarters, April 29, 2003.
[30] Minniti, M. and Bygrave, W. D. (2003) “National Entrepreneurship Assessment United States of America” Executive Report.
[31] Minniti, M. (2008) “The Role of Government Policy on Entrepreneurial Activity: Productive, Unproductive or Destructive? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(5): 770-790.
[32] Mehralizadeh, Y. and Sajady, S. H. (2006) “A Study of The Factors Related to Successful and Failure Entrepreneurs of Small Industrial Business with Emphasis on their Level of Education and Training”Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=902045.
[33] Morris, M. H., Pitt, L. F. and Berton, P. (1996) “Entrepreneurship Activity in the Third World Informal Sector, The International Journal of Entrepreneurship Behaviour and Research 2(1): 59-79.
[34] Olomi, D. (2009) “African Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development: Context and Process”. Otme, DSM, Tanzania.
[35] Raman, R. (2004) “Motivating Factor of Educated Self Employed in Kerala: A Case Study of Mulanthuruthy Block Ernakulum.” Discussion Paper No. 90. Kerala Research Programme on Local Development Centre for Development Studies.
[36] REDET (2008) “Empowering Grassroots Cooperatives in Tanzania.” Availableathttp://www.redet.udsm.ac.tz/documents_storage/2008-3-28-10-14-17_%20kamataempowering%20grassroots%20cooperatives%20in 20 kamataempowering%20grassroots%20cooperatives%20in%20tanzania.pdfAssessed on 12/07/2011.
[37] Reynolds, P.D., Bygrave, W.D., Autio, E., Cox, L.W. and Hay, M. (2002)“Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - 2002 Executive Report,” Babson College, Wellesley, MA.
[38] Rose, R. C., Kumar, N. and Yen, L. L. (2006) “The Dynamics of Entrepreneurs’ Success Factors in Influencing Venture Growth.” The Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 2(2).
[39] Schwartz, E. (1976) “Entrepreneurship: A New Female Frontier” Journal of Contemporary Business. 5(1) 47 – 76.
[40] Scott, C. E. (1986) “Why More Women Are Becoming Entrepreneurs” Journal of Small Business management.24 (4) 37-44.
[41] Sinha, T. N. (1996) “Human Factors in Entrepreneurship Effectiveness.”The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 23-39.
[42] Snyder, M. (2000) “Women in Africa economies: from the scorching sun to the boardroom.” Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
[43] Swinney, J. and Runyan, R. (2007) “Native American Entrepreneur and Strategic Choice” The Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 2(3).
[44] Thapa, A. (2007) “Micro-enterprises and Household Income” The Journal of Nepalese Business Studies, 4(1):110-118; 5(1): 110-118.
[45] Thapa, A., Thulaseedharan, A., Goswami, A., and Joshi, L. P. (2008) “Determinants of Street Entrepreneurial Success” Journal of Nepalese Business Studies. 1: 85-92.
[46] Verheul, I, Thurik, R., Hessels, J. and van der Zwan, P. (2010)“Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Engagement of Opportunity and Necessity Entrepreneurs,”Scientific Analysis of Entrepreneurship and SMEs, EIM Research Reports, H201011, March 2010, 1-24.