Women Mayors in Slovakia Spatial Insights
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In Slovakia, the evidence reports women underrepresentation in local politics. In this paper, the spatial insight to the numeric women representation in local governments at the position of the mayor (elected local authority) in Slovakia in recent 20 years is given. The aim of the paper is to identify the areas, where the representation of women mayors is the most evident and how it evolves in time. For better visibility of results on the map, local data for 2,924 local governments (municipalities) are aggregated to the district level (79 districts at LAU1) and the shares of women mayors on all mayors in a district are displayed for five election periods since 2002. Results confirm the increasing trend of women representation in local governments. Beside it, they unveil that the increase of the portion of women mayors is observed firstly in the south – center part and edge north-eastern part of Slovakia. These areas are characterized by high fragmentation of residential structure, low GDP per capita and higher ethnolinguistic fragmentation. Then the increase of women representation in local governments subsequently continued in south-eastern and south-western part of Slovakia.
Article Details
Section
Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors shall transfer the copyright to the publisher. If the submitted manuscript is not accepted for printing by the journal, the authors shall retain all their rights. The following rights on the manuscript are transferred to the publisher, including any supplementary materials and any parts, extracts or elements of the manuscript:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to print prepublications, reprints and special editions of the manuscript;
- the right to translate the manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these copies;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript electronically or optically using and all data carriers or storage media, and especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini Disc, data tapes, and the right to reproduce and distribute the article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the manuscript in databases, including online databases, as well as the right to transmit the manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the Internet, online service, or via internal or external networks.
Authors reserve the copyright to published articles and have the right to use the article in the same manner like third parties in accordance with the licence Attribution-Non-Commercial-Non-Derivate 4.0 International (CC BY NC ND). Thereby they must quote the basic bibliographic data of the source article published in the journal (authors, article title, journal title, volume, pagination).
References
Alberti, Carla, Diaz-Rioseco, Diego, and Giancarlo Visconti. 2021. "Gendered bureaucracies: Women mayors and the size and composition of local governments. " Governance, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12591.
Alibegović, Dubravka J., Slijepčević, Sunčana, and Josip Šipić. 2013. The gender gap among local representatives: A potential for local development?. In: Local Councillors in Europe, eds. Bjorn Egner, David Sweeting and Pieter-Jan Klok, 181-202. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-01857-3_10.
Austrian Association of Cities and Towns. 2021. “Equality Index” of women mayors and councillors in Austria. The Institute for Social Research of Austria (SORA).
Balaguer-Coll, Maria T., and Mariya Ivanova-Toneva. 2021. "The impact of women’s leadership in local governments: the case of Spain. " International Public Management Journal, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10967494.2021.1897718.
Barnes, Tiffany D., and Stephanie M. Burchard. 2013. " ‘Engendering’ politics: The impact of descriptive representation on women’s political engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa." Comparative Political Studies, 46(7), 767–790.
Barnes, Tiffany D., Beall, Victoria D., and Mirya R. Holman. 2020. "Pink-Collar Representation and Budgetary Outcomes in US States." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 46(1), 119–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12286.
Baskaran, Thushyanthan, Bhalotra, Sonia R., Min, Brian, and Yogesh Uppal. 2018. "Women Legislators and Economic Performance". IZA Discussion Paper 11596. Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics.
Bean, Clive. 1991. "Gender and Political Participation in Australia." Australian Journal of Social Issues, 26, 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.1991.tb00897.x.
Bird, Karen. 2003. "Who are the Women? Where are the Women? And What Difference Can They Make? Effects of Gender Parity in French Municipal Elections." French Politics 1, 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200014.
Bitušíková, Alexandra. 2005. "(In)Visible Women in Political Life in Slovakia." Czech Sociological Review, 41(6), 1005–1022. https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2005.41.6.03.
Bochel, Catherine, and Hugh Bochel. 2008. "Women ‘Leaders’ in local government in the UK." Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 426–441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsn010.
Brollo, Fernanda, and Ugo Troiano. 2016. "What happens when a woman wins an election? Evidence from close races in Brazil." Journal of Development Economics, 122, 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.04.003.
Burgess, Victoria. 2019. “Being A Female Entrepreneur - Case Study.“ Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 80-86. https://doi.org/10.28934/jwee19.12.pp80-86.
Cárdenas Acosta, Georgina. 2019. "Women mayors in Mexico 2017, an overview." La ventana, 6(50), 9–44.
Childs, Sarah, and Mona L. Krook. 2008. "Critical Mass Theory and Women's Political Representation." Political Studies, 56(3), 725–736. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x.
Crowder-Meyer, Melody, Gadarian, Shana K., and Jessica Trounstine, 2015. "Electoral Institutions, Gender Stereotypes, and Women’s Local Representation." Politics, Groups, and Identities, 3(2), 318–334, https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2015.1031803.
Cuadrado-Ballesteros, Beatriz, Guillamón, María D., and Ana M. Ríos. 2021. "Does gender matter in budget deviations? An empirical assessment of Spanish local governments." Public Management Review, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.1912816.
Devroe, Robin, Erzeel, Silvia, and Petra Meier. 2020. "The feminisation of Belgian local politics." Politics of the Low Countries, 2(2), 169–191. https://doi.org/10.5553/PLC/258999292020002002004.
Einhorn, Barbara. 1993. Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender, and Women‘s Movements in East Central Europe. London: Verso.
Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C., and Kendall D. Funk. 2018. Women’s Representation in Subnational Governments: Replicating National Institutions or Forging a Unique Path? In Gender and Representation in Latin America, ed. Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer, 99–118. New York: Oxford University Press.
Funk, Kendall D. 2015. "Gendered Governing? Women’s Leadership Styles and Participatory Institutions in Brazil." Political Research Quarterly, 68(3), 564–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915589130.
Funk, Kendall D. 2020. "Local Responses to a Global Pandemic: Women Mayors Lead the Way." Politics & Gender, 16(4), 968–974. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X20000410.
Funk, Kendall D., and Andrew Q. Philips. 2019. "Representative Budgeting: Women Mayors and the Composition of Spending in Local Governments." Political Research Quarterly, 72(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912918775237.
Geoportál. 2022. Územné a správne usporiadanie. Geoportál. https://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/na-stiahnutie/ (accessed March 27, 2022).
Giger, Nathalie. 2009. "Towards a modern gender gap in Europe?: A comparative analysis of voting behavior in 12 countries." The Social Science Journal, 46(3): 474-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2009.03.002.
Herrero-Gutiérrez, Francisco-Javier, Simelio, Núria, and Lara Carrascosa Puertas. 2021. "Women Mayors in Spain: An Analysis of Gender Differences in the Management and Quality of Information on Municipal Websites." Social Sciences, 10 (128), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040128.
Holman, Mirya R. 2017. "Women in Local Government: What We Know and Where We Go from Here." State and Local Government Review, 49(4), 285-296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160323X17732608.
Johnson, Carol. 2015. "Playing the Gender Card: The Uses and Abuses of Gender in Australian Politics." Politics & Gender, 11(2), 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X15000045.
Klimovský, Daniel. 2015. "Women in Local Politics in the EU: Discussion on Implementation of Gender Quotas in Different Local Government Systems." Sociológia, 47, 504–526.
Kouba, Karel, Nálepová, Marie, and Ondřej Filipec. 2013. "Proč jsou ženy v české politice podreprezentovány?." Czech Journal of Political Science, 4, 372–391.
Köppl-Turyna, Monika, and Jarosław Kantorowicz. 2020. “The effect of quotas on female representation in local politics”. Research Paper, No. 15, Vienna: EcoAustria - Institute for Economic Research.
Maguire, Sue. 2018. "Barriers to Women Entering the Parliament and Local Government." IPR Report, Institute for Policy Research, Bath: University of Bath.
Maškarinec, Pavel, and Daniel Klimovský. 2017. "Determinants of Women’s Descriptive Representation in the 2014 Czech and Slovak Local Elections." Lex Localis, 15(3), 387–410. https://doi.org/10.4335/15.3.387-410(2017).
Maškarinec, Pavel, Klimovský, Daniel, and Stanislava Danišová. 2018. "The Representation of Women in the Position of Mayor in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 2006–2014: A Comparative Analysis of the Factors of Success." Czech Sociological Review, 54(4), 529–560. https://doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2018.54.4.413.
Maškarinec, Pavel, Klimovský, Daniel, and Petr Bláha. 2020. Where Have All the Women Gone? Women’s Political Representation in Local Councils of Czech and Slovak Towns, 1994–2014. Ústí nad Labem: Univerzita J.E. Purkyně.
Mokhov, Viktor. 2021. “ "Glass Ceilings" in the System of Public Administration in the Russian Federation”. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (1-2), 108-120. https://doi.org/10.28934/jwee21.12.pp108-120.
Paľová, Dana, Nyulasziová, Miroslava, and Martin Vejačka. 2020. “Analysis of Students' Approach to the Study of Informatics During Pandemic Quarantine”. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.28934/jwee20.34.pp79-98.
Rovenská, Denisa. 2020. “Handling Injustice - Are Women Too Sensitive?”. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.28934/jwee20.34.pp3-22.
Saltzstein, Grace H. 1986. "Female Mayors and Women in Municipal Jobs." American Journal of Political Science, 30(1), 140–164. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111298.
Segaard, Signe B., Kjaer, Ulrik and Jo Saglie. 2022. "Why Norway has more female local councillors than Denmark: a crack in the Nordic gender equality model?." West European Politics, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2022.2050590.
Segaard, Signe B., and Jo Saglie. 2021. "A gender-generation gap in political representation? The contingent impact of preference voting in Norwegian municipal elections." Local Government Studies, 47(1), 145–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2020.1797691.
Slavinski, Teodora, Todorović, Marija, Vukmirović, Valentina, and Alessandra Maria Montenegro. 2020. “Women, Entrepreneurship and Education: Descriptive Bibliometric Analysis Based on SCOPUS Database”. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 181-201. https://doi.org/10.28934/jwee20.34.pp181-201.
Stašević, Nastasja, and Slavica Stavanović. 2019. “Creative Accounting in Income Statement: the Case of Entrepreneurs in Serbia“. Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, (3-4), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.28934/jwee19.34.pp17-32.
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2002. Results of elections to the municipality self-government bodies 2002. Bratislava: Statistical Office of Slovak Republic. https://volby.statistics.sk/ (accessed August 5, 2021).
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2006. Results of elections to the municipality self-government bodies 2006. Bratislava: Statistical Office of Slovak Republic. https://volby.statistics.sk/ (accessed August 5, 2021).
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2010. Results of elections to the municipality self-government bodies 2010. Bratislava: Statistical Office of Slovak Republic. https://volby.statistics.sk/ (accessed August 5, 2021).
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2014. Results of elections to the municipality self-government bodies 2014. Bratislava: Statistical Office of Slovak Republic. https://volby.statistics.sk/ (accessed August 5, 2021).
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2018. Results of elections to the municipality self-government bodies 2018. Bratislava: Statistical Office of Slovak Republic. https://volby.statistics.sk/ (accessed August 5, 2021).
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2022. DataCube. http://datacube.statistics.sk/ (accessed April 03, 2022).
Sumbas, Ahu. 2019. "Gendered local politics: the barriers to women’s representation in Turkey." Democratization, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1706166.
Sundström, Aksel, and Daniel Stockemer. 2015. "What determines women’s political representation at the local level? A fine-grained analysis of the European regions." International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(3–4), 254–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715215595691.
Sztwiertnia, Radomír, and Dana Hellová. 2012. "Ženy v lokální politice – případová studie obcí do tří tisíc obyvatel v Moravskoslezském kraji." Czech Journal of Political Science, 3, 260–275.